# game: where cooperation is flexible, not fixed

<<
- Assortment on cooperation is a characteristic feature of hunter-gatherer life
- Assortment persists despite substantial migration and residential mixing
- No evidence for stable social types or a preference to live with cooperators
- Individuals respond in kind to the cooperative behavior of their group members
>>

Kristopher M. Smith, Tomas Larroucau, et al.  Hunter-Gatherers Maintain Assortativity in Cooperation despite High Levels of Residential Change and Mixing. Curr Biol doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.064 Sep 20, 2018.

https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)30994-1

Nomadic hunter-gatherers show that cooperation is flexible, not fixed. University of Pennsylvania.  Sep 20, 2018.

https://m.phys.org/news/2018-09-nomadic-hunter-gatherers-cooperation-flexible.html

# soc: storytelling and cooperation

AA << explore the impact of storytelling on hunter-gatherer cooperative behaviour and the individual-level fitness benefits to being a skilled storyteller >>

Daniel Smith, Philip Schlaepfer, et al.   Cooperation and the evolution of hunter-gatherer storytelling. Nature Communications. 2017; 8 (1853). doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02036-8. Dec 5, 2017.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02036-8

Storytellers promoted cooperation among hunter-gatherers before advent of religion. Dec 5, 2017.

https://m.phys.org/news/2017-12-storytellers-cooperation-hunter-gatherers-advent-religion.html

# life: hypothetical 'subtle variations' about three ancient neuro-cognitive models, the nomadic explorer, the nomadic owner, the farmer.

<< Prehistoric humans underwent three major migration events across Eurasia, influencing the genetic diversity of present-day Europe. These include the arrival of hunter-gatherers approximately 45,000 years ago, the expansion of Neolithic farmers from the Middle East around 11,000 years ago, and the rise of animal husbandry when steppe pastoralists migrated from the Pontic Steppe approximately 5,000 years ago. Each of these events represents a crucial period in human history that has shaped the genetic diversity observed in present-day Europe, although specific genetic and demographic details remain poorly characterized. >>️

Michael Attwaters. Ancient migration and the modern genome. Nat Rev Genet 25, 162. Feb 5, 2024. 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41576-024-00702-4

Also: nomad, ctz entity, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html

Keywords: life, hunter-gatherers, pastoralists, farmers

# n-socsci: a mix and match model at dawn of agriculture

<< Genetic analyses reveal a collection of highly distinct groups in the Near East and Europe at the dawn of agriculture. These groups mixed and migrated to form the relatively homogeneous populations seen in the region today. >>

<< They now appear to have descended from four major groups: hunter-gatherers in what is now western Europe, hunter-gatherers in eastern Europe and the Russian steppe, the Iran farming group and the Levant farming group. >>

<< The findings (..) also suggest that agriculture spread in the Near East at least in part because existing groups invented or adopted farming technologies, rather than because one population replaced another. >>

Stephanie Dutchen. Meet  the  First  Farmers. Ancient  DNA reveals  complex genetic history  of  Near  East  at  dawn of  agriculture. July  25, 2016.

http://hms.harvard.edu/news/meet-first-farmers

Iosif Lazaridis, Dani Nadel, et al. Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East. Nature (2016). doi:10.1038/nature19310. Published online 25 July 2016

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaap/ncurrent/full/nature19310.html

# life; a hypothetical externalization of knowledge effects; humans are thought to have decreased in brain volume since the end of the last ice age (3,000 y.ago)

<< Human brain size nearly quadrupled in the six million years since Homo last shared a common ancestor with chimpanzees, but human brains are thought to have decreased in volume since the end of the last Ice Age. The timing and reason for this decrease is enigmatic. Here (AA) use change-point analysis to estimate the timing of changes in the rate of hominin brain evolution. (They) find that hominin brains experienced positive rate changes at 2.1 and 1.5 million years ago, coincident with the early evolution of Homo and technological innovations evident in the archeological record. But (AA) also find that human brain size reduction was surprisingly recent, occurring in the last 3,000 years. >>

Jeremy M. DeSilva, James F. A. Traniello, et al. When and Why Did Human Brains Decrease in Size? A New Change-Point Analysis and Insights From Brain Evolution in Ants. Front. Ecol. Evol.,  doi: 10.3389/ fevo.2021.742639. Oct 22, 2021. 

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2021.742639/full

When and why did human brains decrease in size 3,000 years ago? Ants may hold clues. Frontiers. Oct 22, 2021.

https://phys.org/news/2021-10-human-brains-decrease-size-years.html

Also

keyword 'nomade' | 'nomad' | 'nomads' | 'nomadic' | 'hunter-gatherers' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=nomade

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=nomad

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=nomads

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=nomadic

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=hunter-gatherers

keyword 'nomade' | 'nomadi' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=nomade

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=nomadi

keyword 'ctz' entities in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=ctz

keywords: evolution, brain, brain size, nomads, post-nomads, sociocultural effects

# behav: ADHD may have been a feature of nomadic exploration among hunter-gatherer societies

<< All mobile organisms forage for resources, choosing how and when to search for new opportunities by comparing current returns with the average for the environment. In humans, nomadic lifestyles favouring exploration have been associated with genetic mutations implicated in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), inviting the hypothesis that this condition may impact foraging decisions in the general population. >>️

David L. Barack, Vera U. Ludwig, et al. 

Attention deficits linked with proclivity to explore while foraging. Proc Royal Society B.  doi: 10.1098/ rspb.2022.2584. Feb 21, 2024. 

https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.2584     

<< Is it a legacy of the hunter-gatherer world? >> Arjun Ramakrishnan

Chen Ly. ADHD may have evolved to help foragers know when to cut their losses. newscientist.com Feb 21,2024.

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2418114-adhd-may-have-evolved-to-help-foragers-know-when-to-cut-their-losses

Also: nomads, bushmen, behav, uncertainty, curiosity, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html

Keywords: adhd, nomads, hunter-gatherers, behavior, behaviour

# life: Nomadic masters, ancient people ate bread, beer and other carbs, long before domesticated crops

<< it has become clear that early humans were cooking and eating carbs almost as soon as they could light fires. >>

<< These are the best grinding tools ever, and I’ve seen a lot of grindstones, (..) People at Göbekli Tepe knew what they were doing, and what could be done with cereals. They’re beyond the experimentation phase. >> Laura Dietrich.

️

<< The old-fashioned idea that hunter-gatherers didn’t eat starch is nonsense, >> Dorian Fuller.️

Andrew Curry. How ancient people fell in love with bread, beer and other carbs. Well before people domesticated crops, they were grinding grains for hearty stews and other starchy dishes. Nature 594, 488-491. doi: 10.1038/ d41586-021-01681-w. Jun 22, 2021.

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01681-w

Audio long-read: How ancient people learned to love carbs. Nature Podcast 

Jul 26, 2021.

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01998-6?

# s-food: hunter-gatherers revisited: eating crickets and mealworms

<< Replacing half of the meat eaten worldwide with crickets and mealworms would cut farmland use by a third, substantially reducing emissions of greenhouse gases >>

Edible insects could play key role in cutting harmful emissions. May 4, 2017.

https://m.phys.org/news/2017-05-edible-insects-key-role-emissions.html

Peter Alexander, Calum Brown, et al. Could consumption of insects, cultured meat or imitation meat reduce global agricultural land use? Global Food Security. 22 Apr. 2017. doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2017.04.001

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211912417300056