# life; a hypothetical externalization of knowledge effects; humans are thought to have decreased in brain volume since the end of the last ice age (3,000 y.ago)

<< Human brain size nearly quadrupled in the six million years since Homo last shared a common ancestor with chimpanzees, but human brains are thought to have decreased in volume since the end of the last Ice Age. The timing and reason for this decrease is enigmatic. Here (AA) use change-point analysis to estimate the timing of changes in the rate of hominin brain evolution. (They) find that hominin brains experienced positive rate changes at 2.1 and 1.5 million years ago, coincident with the early evolution of Homo and technological innovations evident in the archeological record. But (AA) also find that human brain size reduction was surprisingly recent, occurring in the last 3,000 years. >>

Jeremy M. DeSilva, James F. A. Traniello, et al. When and Why Did Human Brains Decrease in Size? A New Change-Point Analysis and Insights From Brain Evolution in Ants. Front. Ecol. Evol.,  doi: 10.3389/ fevo.2021.742639. Oct 22, 2021. 

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2021.742639/full

When and why did human brains decrease in size 3,000 years ago? Ants may hold clues. Frontiers. Oct 22, 2021.

https://phys.org/news/2021-10-human-brains-decrease-size-years.html

Also

keyword 'nomade' | 'nomad' | 'nomads' | 'nomadic' | 'hunter-gatherers' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=nomade

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=nomad

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=nomads

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=nomadic

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=hunter-gatherers

keyword 'nomade' | 'nomadi' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=nomade

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=nomadi

keyword 'ctz' entities in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=ctz

keywords: evolution, brain, brain size, nomads, post-nomads, sociocultural effects

# life: Sea Nomads freediving skills (they free dive up to 70 meters deep)

<< Understanding the physiology and genetics of human hypoxia tolerance  has important medical implications, but this phenomenon has thus far only been investigated in high-altitude human populations. Another system, yet to be explored, is humans who engage in breath-hold diving. The indigenous Bajau people (“Sea Nomads”) of Southeast Asia live a subsistence lifestyle based on breath-hold diving and are renowned for their extraordinary breath-holding abilities >>

<< the Bajau, and possibly other diving populations, provide a new opportunity to study human adaptation to hypoxia tolerance >>

Melissa A. Ilardo, Ida Moltke, et al. Physiological and Genetic Adaptations to Diving in Sea Nomads.
Cell. 2018; 173 (3): 569 - 80.e15. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.054. Apr 19, 2018.

http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(18)30386-6

<< Members of the Bajau can dive up to 70 meters with nothing more than a set of weights and a pair of wooden goggles >>

<< As they never dive competitively it is uncertain exactly how long the Bajau can remain underwater, but one of them told researcher Melissa Ilardo that he had once dived for 13 minutes consecutively >>

University of Cambridge. Genetic adaptations to diving discovered in humans for the first time. Apr 19, 2018.

https://m.phys.org/news/2018-04-genetic-humans.html

# ethno: apropos of Nomads, an Aboriginal ritual passed down for 500 generations.

AA << excavated at Cloggs Cave near Buchan, in the foothills of the high country near the Snowy River in East Gippsland, Victoria. >>️

<< What (AA) found was extraordinary. Under the low, subdued light in the depth of the cave, buried under layers of ash and silt, two unusual fireplaces were revealed by the tip of the trowel. They each contained a single trimmed stick associated with a tiny patch of ash. >>️

<< The role of these fireplaces in ritual

Local 19th-century ethnography has good descriptions of such fireplaces, so (AA) know they were made for ritual practices performed by mulla-mullung, powerful GunaiKurnai medicine men and women. >>️

<< The Kurnai practice is to fasten the article [something that belonged to the victim] to the end of a throwing stick, together with some eaglehawk feathers, and some human or kangaroo fat. The throwing stick is then stuck slanting in the ground before a fire, and it is of course placed in such a position that by-and-by it falls down. The wizard has during this time been singing his charm; as it is usually expressed, he ‘sings the man’s name,’ and when the stick falls the charm is complete. The practice still exists. >>️

<< Nowhere else on Earth have archaeological expressions of a very specific cultural practice known from ethnography, yet traceable so far back, previously been found. >>️

Russell Mullett, Ashleigh Rogers, et al. Oldest living culture: our new research shows an Indigenous ritual passed down for 500 generations. theconversation.com. Jul 1, 2024. 

https://theconversation.com/oldest-living-culture-our-new-research-shows-an-indigenous-ritual-passed-down-for-500-generations-230782

Bruno David, Russell Mullett, et al. 

Archaeological evidence of an ethnographically documented Australian Aboriginal ritual dated to the last ice age. Nat Hum Behav. doi: 10.1038/ s41562-024-01912-w. Jul 1,  2024. 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01912-w

Also: ethno, Nomads, gris-gris, behav, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: ethno, Nomads, gris-gris, behaviors

FonT: the image cited regarding mulla-mullung entities is very intriguing ... 

# evol: nomads, a whole story of human evolution.

<< In pursuit of knowledge, the evolution of humanity ranks with the origins of life and the universe. And yet, except when an exciting find hits the headlines, palaeoanthropology and its related fields have gained far less scientific support and funding – particularly for scientists and institutions based in the African countries where so many landmark discoveries have occurred. >>️

<< Even the term “human” is arguable. Many scholars reserve it for modern humans like us, even though we have Neanderthal genes and they shared at least 90% of our hominin history from its beginnings around 8 million years ago. The essence of hominin evolution ever since has been gradual change, with occasional rapid phases. The record of evolution in our own genus, Homo, is already full enough to show we cannot separate ourselves with hard lines. >>️

<< Nonetheless, there is enough consensus to thread the story of human evolution all the way from early apes to modern humanity. Most of this story centres on Africa, of course, where countries such as Kenya, South Africa and Ethiopia are rightly proud of their heritage as “cradles of humankind” – providing many of their schoolchildren with a much fuller answer then those in the west to this deceptively simple question: how did we get here? >>️

John Gowlett. The whole story of human evolution – from ancient apes via Lucy to us – in one long read. theconversation.com. Nov 25, 2024.

https://theconversation.com/the-whole-story-of-human-evolution-from-ancient-apes-via-lucy-to-us-in-one-long-read-243960

Also: Nomads, evolution, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: Nomads, evolution

# s-astro: cosmic nomads, transfers, impacts

a) cosmic nomads

Lee Billings. Wandering in the Void, Billions of Rogue Planets without a Home. New results suggest free-floating giant planets are less common than previously believed, but hint at vast numbers of smaller castaway worlds. July 24, 2017

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/wandering-in-the-void-billions-of-rogue-planets-without-a-home/

b) cosmic transfers

Ashley Yeager. Half of the Milky Way comes from other galaxies
Simulations suggest that galactic winds blew the material in from elsewhere. July 26, 2017

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/half-milky-way-comes-other-galaxies

Daniel Angles-Alcazar
Claude-Andre Faucher-Giguere
et al. The cosmic baryon cycle and galaxy mass assembly in the FIRE simulations. Mon Not R Astron Soc (2017) 470 (4): 4698-4719. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stx1517
Publ. June 20, 2017

https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/doi/10.1093/mnras/stx1517/3871367/The-Cosmic-Baryon-Cycle-and-Galaxy-Mass-Assembly

c) cosmic impacts

Jenny Wells. Evidence of impacts that structured the Milky Way galaxy. July 18, 2017

https://m.phys.org/news/2017-07-evidence-impacts-milky-galaxy.html

Deborah Ferguson, Susan Gardner, Brian Yanny. Milky Way Tomography with K and M Dwarf Stars: The Vertical Structure of the Galactic Disk. The American Astronomical Society. The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 843, Number 2 . Publ. July 14, 2017.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aa77fd/meta

# life; apropos of #1or2achoos from Wuhan ...

Messrs. A, B, C & D state - between the lines, undertrack, at least a year late -

Commissione DuPre (Dubbio e Precauzione ) live streaming 8/12/2021 

https://youtu.be/_ZLFlY7y_2w

that the official anti covid19 apparatus it appears to be a big, very big mess (i.e. 'un grande pastrokkio') ...

probably Messrs. A, B, C & D could be accused of being thieves, sexual maniacs, they could block their career and make their spouses do twenty years of precariousness ...

their future pensioners' allowance could be taken away or reduced ... 

as well as more ... 

I suppose & anzicheforse ...

luckily for everyone, the 'bushman  variant' of sarscov-2 (Covid-19 B.1.1.529 Omicron) 

Republic of Botswana - new covid 19 variant detected in Botswana -  Presidential covid-19 task force.

https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FFC53NUXIAEqae5?format=jpg&name=large 

could save in short-term, perhaps, the world from this big trouble (i.e.  'grande impiccio').

Here there are three simple questions: 

(a) Why in anticipation of the 'great tea trolley disaster' (after SARS appearance in Nov 2002, Guangdong, China; after MERS in Nov 2012, Gedda, Saudi Arabia) spray forms of antiviral drugs (e.g. remdesivir,  remdesivir like) have not been prepared?

e.g.  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=antiviral+drugs+sars-cov-2

(b) Why in the meantime, hitech reusable anti-viral anti-bacterial fabrics not been studied and tested?

(c) Does it seem serious to propose a vaccine - to treat every six/eight months eight billion people inside a window of 15/30 days - to confine (sic) a mutant virus (one mutation every week) that is transmitted by air? 

Also 

the unmentionable GTTD - Great Tea Trolley Disaster, by Bristow

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=Great+Tea+Trolley+Disaster

keyword 'virus' | 'sars-cov-2' | 'sars' in FonT: 

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=virus

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=sars-cov-2

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=sars

keyword 'virus' in Notes 

(quasi-stochastic poetry):

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=virus

keyword 'bosciman*' | 'nomad*' in Notes

(quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=boscimane

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=boscimani

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=nomade

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=nomadi

keyword 'bushmen' | 'nomads' in FonT 

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=bushmen

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=nomads

keywords: virus, coronavirus, sars, mers, sars-cov-2, covid-19, 2019ncov, bushman  variant, B.1.1.529, Omicron, 1or2achoos, mask

# evol-ethno: the fuzzy dispersal and interaction dynamics of ancient (early) nomads (2)

AA << present the genome of 'Denisova 11', a bone fragment from Denisova Cave (Russia)3 and show that it comes from an individual who had a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father. >>

<< The finding of a first-generation Neanderthal–Denisovan offspring among the small number of archaic specimens sequenced to date suggests that mixing between Late Pleistocene hominin groups was common when they met. >>

Viviane Slon, Fabrizio Mafessoni, et al. The genome of the offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father. Nature. Aug 22, 2018. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0455-x

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0455-x

Marlowe Hood. Neandertal mother, Denisovan father-Newly-sequenced genome sheds light on interactions between ancient hominins. Aug 22, 2018.

https://m.phys.org/news/2018-08-neandertal-mother-denisovan-fathernewly-sequenced-genome.html

Also

the fuzzy dispersal and interaction dynamics of ancient (early) nomads. Dec 11, 2017.

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2017/12/evol-ethno-fuzzy-dispersals-and.html

# behav: ADHD may have been a feature of nomadic exploration among hunter-gatherer societies

<< All mobile organisms forage for resources, choosing how and when to search for new opportunities by comparing current returns with the average for the environment. In humans, nomadic lifestyles favouring exploration have been associated with genetic mutations implicated in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), inviting the hypothesis that this condition may impact foraging decisions in the general population. >>️

David L. Barack, Vera U. Ludwig, et al. 

Attention deficits linked with proclivity to explore while foraging. Proc Royal Society B.  doi: 10.1098/ rspb.2022.2584. Feb 21, 2024. 

https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.2584     

<< Is it a legacy of the hunter-gatherer world? >> Arjun Ramakrishnan

Chen Ly. ADHD may have evolved to help foragers know when to cut their losses. newscientist.com Feb 21,2024.

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2418114-adhd-may-have-evolved-to-help-foragers-know-when-to-cut-their-losses

Also: nomads, bushmen, behav, uncertainty, curiosity, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html

Keywords: adhd, nomads, hunter-gatherers, behavior, behaviour

# life: ancient Siberian hunters used hot pots to survive the ice age

<< A new study shows that ancient Siberian hunters created heat resistant pots so that they could cook hot meals - surviving the harshest seasons of the ice age by extracting nutritious bone grease and marrow from meat. >>

Hot pots helped ancient Siberian hunters survive the Ice Age. University of York. Feb 1, 2020.

 

https://m.phys.org/news/2020-02-hot-pots-ancient-siberian-hunters.html

<< regional differences in pottery use also map onto contrasting manufacturing techniques, with vessels from the Middle and from the Lower Amur forming distinct pottery-making traditions. These combined insights appear to indicate a greater degree of variability in the development and use of early pottery in East Asia than has hitherto been indicated. >>

Shinya Shoda, Alexandre Lucquin, et al. Late Glacial hunter-gatherer pottery in the Russian Far East: Indications of diversity in origins and use. Quaternary Science Reviews. Volume 229, 1 February 2020, 106124. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106124.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379119305013

Also (in FonT)

keyword 'nomads'

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=nomads

keyword 'hunter-gatherer'

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=hunter-gatherer

# life: nomadism revisited: the lifestyle of the grey nomads

<< They are two of tens of thousands of retired adults travelling independently across the continent at any given time in search of adventure, warmer weather and camaraderie after a lifetime of hard work. These part-time nomadic adventurers, or grey nomads, have recast the image of Australia’s ageing population. Rather than being inert and conservative, or in need of care, these older Australians are champions of a radical type of urbanism: dwellings are mobile, infrastructure is portable or pluggable, social networks are sprawled, and adherents are on the move daily or weekly. >>

Timothy Moore. Grey nomad lifestyle provides a model for living remotely.
Monash University. Dec 9, 2018.

https://theconversation.com/grey-nomad-lifestyle-provides-a-model-for-living-remotely-106074

https://m.phys.org/news/2018-12-grey-nomad-lifestyle-remotely.html 

# evol-ethno: the fuzzy dispersal and interaction dynamics of ancient (early) nomads

AA << evaluate single versus multiple dispersal models and southern versus the northern dispersal routes across the Asian continent. They also review behavioral and environmental variability and how these may have affected modern human dispersals and interactions with indigenous populations >>

Christopher J. Bae, Katerina Douka, Michael D. Petraglia. On the origin of modern humans: Asian perspectives. Science. 2017; 358 (6368): eaai9067
doi: 10.1126/science.aai9067. Dec 8, 2017

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6368/eaai9067

<< Homo sapiens reached distant parts of the Asian continent, as well as Near Oceania, much earlier than previously thought. Additionally, evidence that modern humans interbred with other hominins already present in Asia, such as Neanderthals and Denisovans, complicates the evolutionary history of our species >>

Revising the story of the dispersal of modern humans across Eurasia. Technological advances and multidisciplinary research teams are reshaping our understanding of when and how humans left Africa - and who they met along the way. Dec 7, 2017

http://www.shh.mpg.de/742617/human-dispersals-africa

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/12/171207141724.htm

<< Climate is a key factor determining the types of vegetation that can grow in an ecosystem. By recreating the plant foods and habitat available at a given time, it is possible to learn about changes that occurred during important transitions in the evolution of humans >>

Marie DeNoia Aronsohn. The Way We Were: Climate and Human Evolution. Dec 1, 2017.

https://m.phys.org/news/2017-12-wereclimate-human-evolution.html 

http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2017/12/01/the-way-we-were-climate-and-human-evolution/

# life: declining towards turbulence, thus ecstatic (detotuthec)

(1/3) for our birthdays on July 11th (*1th) and July 25th (*9th) ... forever Nomads (*), curious, young.  

https://www.inkgmr.net   https://www.inkgmr.net/tammi

@flashontrack  11:36 11lug21

https://twitter.com/flashontrack/status/1414156586889748482

(2/3) (*) e.g. exotic, maverick, agnostic,  track seeker, meta-mechanic pulsating manipulator, ockhamistic, erratic, chaotic, #detotuthec (declining towards turbulence, thus ecstatic), ab-normal ...

@flashontrack 11:37 11lug21

https://twitter.com/flashontrack/status/1414156987240173569

(3/3) with mindfulness, compassion and tenacity, where also vengeance consists in (try) saving others (whatever 'others' means).

@flashontrack 11:38 11lug21

https://twitter.com/flashontrack/status/1414157124318507008

Keywords: detotutech, detect thou

# game: inside an irregular 'rock-paper-scissors' game; 'uneveness nomads' will survive, probably ...

AA << study a class of the stochastic May-Leonard models, with three species dominating each other in a cyclic nonhierarchical way, according to the rock-paper-scissors game. (They) introduce an unevenness in the system, by considering that one of the species is weaker because of a lower selection probability. >>

To << investigate the coexistence probability (..) the surviving species depends on the level of unevenness of the model and the mobility of individuals. >>

Menezes J., Moura B., Pereira TA. Uneven rock-paper-scissors models: Patterns and coexistence. EPL -  Europhysics Letters, Volume 126, Number 1. May 22, 2019.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1209/0295-5075/126/18003/meta   

Lisa Zyga. The rock-paper-scissors game and coexistence. Phys.org.
Jul 4, 2019

https://m.phys.org/news/2019-07-rock-paper-scissors-game-coexistence.html