# gst: apropos of 'normal' (jazzy?) codes, bacteria encode hidden, free-floating genes outside their genome.

AA << show that bacteria break that rule and can create free-floating and ephemeral genes, raising the possibility that similar genes exist outside of our own genome. >>️

<< What this discovery upends is the notion that the chromosome has the complete set of instructions that cells use to produce proteins, (..) We now know that, at least in bacteria, there can be other instructions not preserved in the genome that are nonetheless essential for cell survival. (..) The DNA molecule is a fully functioning, free-floating, transient gene. >> Samuel Sternberg. 

Bacteria Encode Hidden Genes Outside Their Genome—Do We? Columbia University Irving Medical Center. Aug 8, 2024. 

https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/bacteria-encode-hidden-genes-outside-their-genome-do-we   

Stephen Tang, Valentin Conte, et al. De novo gene synthesis by an antiviral reverse transcriptase. Science. doi: 10.1126/ science.adq0876. Aug 8, 2024. 

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq0876

Also: 

codes https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=codes

DNA  https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=dna

RNA  https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=rna

CRISPR  https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=crispr

normal, jazz, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: gst, codes, dna, rna, crispr, normal, jazz

# gene: bacteria and archaea CRISPR everywhere in nature

<< Single-celled bacteria and archaea use CRISPR systems to defend themselves against viruses known as bacteriophages. (..) Until now, researchers had identified six types of CRISPR system, designated I–VI. >>

AA << developed an algorithm called FLSHclust, which analyses genetic sequences in public databases. (..) By looking at the predicted function of the clusters, the researchers found around 130,000 genes associated in some way with CRISPR, 188 of which had never been seen before, >>️️

<< It’s a treasure trove for biochemists, >> Lennart Randau.

Sara Reardon. ‘Treasure trove’ of new CRISPR systems holds promise for genome editing. Nature. doi: 10.1038/ d41586-023-03697-w. Nov 23, 2023. 

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-03697-w

Han Altae-Tran, Soumya Kannan, Feng Zhang, et al. Uncovering the functional diversity of rare CRISPR-Cas systems with deep terascale clustering. 

Science, Vol 382, Issue 6673. doi: 10.1126/ science.adi1910. Nov 23, 2023. 

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi1910

Also: 'CRISPR' in https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=crispr  

Keywords: genome, gene, crispr, crispr system, ai, artificial intelligence

# gst: ab.normal (fuzzy, bizarre) Nature; apparently, ancient bacterial parasites could have used CRISPR to self-defense and 'interference' for Ma ...

<< In recent years, the development of CRISPR technologies and gene-editing scissors in particular have taken the world by storm. Indeed, scientists have learned how to harness these clever natural systems in the biotech and pharmaceutical industries, among other areas. >>

<< New research (..) shows that we are not the first to find a way to exploit the benefits of the CRISPR technique. Apparently, primitive bacterial parasites have been doing so for millions of years. >>

<< Until recently, CRISPR-Cas was believed to be a defense system used by bacteria to protect themselves against invading parasites such as viruses, much like our very own immune system protects us. However, it appears that CRISPR is a tool that can be used for different purposes by diverse biological entities, (..) Here we found evidence that certain plasmids use type IV CRISPR-Cas systems to fight other plasmids competing over the same bacterial host. >> Rafael Pinilla-Redondo.

Humans are not the first to repurpose CRISPR. University of Copenhagen. Mar 24, 2020.

https://phys.org/news/2020-03-humans-repurpose-crispr.html

Rafael Pinilla-Redondo, David Mayo-Muñoz, et al. Type IV CRISPR–Cas systems are highly diverse and involved in competition between plasmids.  Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 48, Issue 4, Pages 2000–12. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkz1197. Dec 27, 2019.

https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/48/4/2000/5687823

Also

keyword 'CRISPR' (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat) in PubMed:

 "CRISPR"[all] AND (Review[ptyp]) AND ("last 3 years"[PDat])

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

keyword 'CRISPR' in FonT:

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=crispr

keyword 'interferenza' | 'interferente' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry):

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=interferenza

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=interferente