# gst: nano entities that are both twisted and untwisted at the same time

<< Scientists who study the nanoscale-with molecules and materials 10,000 smaller than a pinhead-need to be able to test the way that some molecules twist, known as their chirality, because mirror image molecules with the same structure can have very different properties. >>

<< Recently, a new class of nanoscale materials have been developed to help distinguish the chirality of molecules. These so-called 'nanomaterials' usually consist of tiny twisted metal wires, that are chiral themselves. However, it has become very hard to distinguish the twist of the nanomaterials from the twist of the molecules they are supposed to help study. >>

To solve this problem AA << created a nanomaterial that is both twisted and it is not. This nanomaterial has equal number of opposite twists—meaning they cancel each other out.  >>

<< Using a mathematical analysis of the material's symmetry properties, the team discovered a few special cases, which can bring the 'hidden' twist to light and allow very sensitive detection of chirality in molecules. >>

Chris Melvin. Scientists create a nanomaterial that is both twisted and untwisted at the same time. University of Bath. Sep 13, 2019   https://m.phys.org/news/2019-09-scientists-nanomaterial-untwisted.html  

Christian Kuppe,  Xuezhi Zheng, et al. Measuring optical activity in the far-field from a racemic nanomaterial: diffraction spectroscopy from plasmonic nanogratings. Nanoscale Horizons.  Issue 5, 2019.  doi: 10.1039/C9NH00067D.   https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/NH/C9NH00067D

# gst: apropos to try numerically to discover states with desired response properties in chaotic (i.e. normal - ab.normal) systems, by Hridesh, Deng, Jean-Jacques, Jeremy.

  <<
Systems with many stable configurations abound in nature, both in living and inanimate matter. Their inherent nonlinearity and sensitivity to small perturbations make them challenging to study, particularly in the presence of external driving, which can alter the relative stability of different attractors. Under such circumstances, one may ask whether any clear relationship holds between the specific pattern of external driving and the particular attractor states selected by a driven multistable system. To gain insight into this question, (AA)  numerically study driven disordered mechanical networks of bistable springs which possess a vast number of stable configurations arising from the two stable rest lengths of each spring, thereby capturing the essential physical properties of a broad class of multistable systems.  (AA) find that the attractor states of driven disordered multistable mechanical networks are fine-tuned with respect to the pattern of external forcing to have low work absorption from it. Furthermore,  (AA)  find that these drive-specific attractor states are even more stable than expected for a given level of work absorption.  (AA)  results suggest that the driven exploration of the vast configuration space of these systems is biased towards states with exceptional relationship to the driving environment, and could therefore be used to 'discover' states with desired response properties in systems with a vast landscape of diverse configurations.
  >>

Hridesh Kedia, Deng Pan, et al. Drive-specific adaptation in disordered mechanical networks of bistable springs. arXiv:1908.09332v1 [nlin.AO] Aug 25, 2019.    https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.09332 

Also

keyword "three" in: FonT    https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=three

keyword "three" in: Notes      https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=three

# gst: leading to an order-disorder transition to design of decentralized swarm systems.

<< Adaptive collective behavior underpinned by specialized optimization strategies is ubiquitous in the natural world. (AA) develop a minimal model of agents that explore their environment by means of sampling trajectories. (..) (They) find that, as cognitive agents build and update their internal, cognitive representation of the causal structure of their environment, complex patterns emerge in the system (..) Exchange of information among the agents leads to an order-disorder transition. As a result of the spontaneous breaking of translational symmetry, a Goldstone mode emerges, which points at a collective mechanism of information transfer >>

Hannes Hornischer, Stephan Herminghaus, Marco G. Mazza. Structural transition in the collective behavior of cognitive agents. Scientific Reports. volume 9, Article number: 12477 (2019).   https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-48638-8 

Nature's most beautiful performances could inspire the next generation of artificial intelligence. Loughborough University. Sep 6, 2019.    https://m.techxplore.com/news/2019-09-nature-beautiful-artificial-intelligence.html  

# gst: apropos of swirling granular media, a geometric frustration; will these entities turn left or right?

<< Granular material in a swirled container exhibits a curious transition as the number of particles is increased: At low densities, the particle cluster rotates in the same direction as the swirling motion of the container, while at high densities it rotates in the opposite direction.  >>

AA << show that the transition to counterrotation is friction dependent. At high particle densities, frictional effects result in geometric frustration, which prevents particles from cooperatively rolling and spinning. Consequently, the particle cluster rolls like a rigid body with no-slip conditions on the container wall, which necessarily counterrotates around its own axis. Numerical simulations verify that both wall-disk friction and disk-disk friction are critical for inducing counterrotation. >>

Lisa M. Lee, John Paul Ryan, et al. Geometric frustration induces the transition between rotation and counterrotation in swirled granular media. Phys. Rev. E 100, 012903. July 8, 2019.     https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.100.012903  

Leah Burrows. Solving the pancake problem. Harvard University. Aug 30, 2019.    https://m.phys.org/news/2019-08-pancake-problem.html  

# game: exploitation; a theoretical scenario in which victims (chaotically?) will cooperate

<< A new analysis of the famous game-theory puzzle finds that even when the players seem equal, one can learn to profit at the other’s expense-and the victim will cooperate. >>

Prisoner’s dilemma shows exploitation is a basic property of human society. Emerging Technology from the arXiv. May 30, 2019.

https://www.technologyreview.com/s/613585/prisoners-dilemma-shows-how-exploitation-is-a-basic-property-of-human-society/  

Yuma Fujimoto, Kunihiko Kaneko.  Emergence of Exploitation as Symmetry Breaking in Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. arXiv: 1905.06602v1 [math.OC] May 16, 2019.

https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.06602  

# geo gst: even small flank failures can cause large tsunamis

<< Volcanogenic tsunamis are one of the deadliest volcanic phenomena. >>

<< Small flank failures causing large tsunamis represent a vastly underappreciated geohazards-current tsunami monitoring systems do not monitor for this kind of volcanic activity, instead focusing on large earthquakes or proxies related to unusual increases in magma intrusion.  >>

<< This collapse was captured in unprecedented detail by satellite remote sensing, providing an opportunity to understand the collapse of the volcano (Anak Krakatau volcano,  Indonesia) in a way that has not previously been possible at any volcanic island in the world. >>

Reconstructing the Anak Krakatau flank collapse that caused the December 2018 Indonesian tsunami. Geological Society of America. Aug 30, 2019.   https://m.phys.org/news/2019-08-reconstructing-anak-krakatau-flank-collapse.html   

<< the volume of material initially lost from the volcano flank failure (..) was relatively small (~0.1 km3) compared to the overall changes observed during the entire eruption, but it was nonetheless able to generate rapid tsunami waves with devastating impacts. The flank failure also changed the eruption style and the upper volcanic plumbing system, with the subsequent explosive eruptions destroying the summit and then partially rebuilding the lost flank.  >>

Rebecca Williams, Pete Rowley, Matthew C. Garthwaite. Reconstructing the Anak Krakatau flank collapse that caused the December 2018 Indonesian tsunami. Geology. doi.org/10.1130/G46517.1. Aug 30, 2019.    https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/573356/reconstructing-the-anak-krakatau-flank-collapse

# bot: here you can imagine a scenery where tiny bots jump & wing-flapping

AA << have recently designed two insect-scale microbots, one that jumps and another that flaps its artificial wings. These robot designs, (..) mimic real biological behaviors observed in insects. >>

Ingrid Fadelli. New designs for jumping and wing-flapping microrobots. Phys.org. Aug 28, 2019.    https://m.techxplore.com/news/2019-08-wing-flapping-microrobots.html 

Palak Bhushan, Claire Tomlin. An Insect-scale Untethered Laser-powered Jumping Microrobot.  arXiv:1908.03282v1 [cs.RO]  Aug 8,  2019.    https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.03282  

Palak Bhushan, Claire Tomlin. Design of the first sub-milligram flapping wing aerial vehicle.  arXiv:1908.03203v1 [cs.RO] Aug 9, 2019.   https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.03203