# gst: when science meets poetry, an image of three-dimensional stepped cracks (bistability, and their transition to simple cracks)

<< Slow cracks may be simple, with no internal structure. The leading edge of a simple crack, the crack front, forms a single fracture plane in its wake. Slow cracks may also develop segmented crack fronts, each segment propagating along a separate fracture plane. These planes merge at locations that form steps along fracture surfaces. Steps are not stationary, but instead propagate within a crack front. Real-time measurements of crack front structure and energy flux reveal that step dynamics significantly increase energy dissipation and drastically alter crack dynamics. Simple and stepped cracks are each stable. By extending the use of energy balance to include 3D crack front structure, (AA) find that, while energy balance is obeyed, it is insufficient to select the energetically favorable crack growth mode. Transitions from stepped cracks to simple cracks occur only when their in-plane front lengths become equal and a perturbation momentarily changes step topology. Such 3D crack dynamics challenge our traditional understanding of fracture. >>

Meng Wang, Mokhtar Adda-Bedia, Jay Fineberg. Dynamics of three-dimensional stepped cracks, bistability, and their transition to simple cracks. Phys. Rev. Research 5, L012001. Jan 9, 2023. 

https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.5.L012001

Also

keyword 'crack' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=crack

keyword 'rottura' | 'crepa' | 'frattura' | 'rugosa' in Notes

(quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=rottura

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=crepa

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=frattura

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=rugosa

keywords 'meets poetry' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=meets+poetry

Keywords:  gst, transitions, dynamical phase transitions, crack, cracking,   fracture, roughness

# gst: multiphase transitions and existence of bistable modes; how morphoelastic donuts get their wrinkles

<< Many biological structures are toroidal, or donut shaped. These structures often contain intricate wrinkling patterns that change as the object grows or contracts. >>

<< The team found that toroidal structures with large holes typically develop surface wrinkles close to the hole, whereas ones with smaller holes tend to form them away from the hole. Additionally, soft structures often have localized dimples, while stiff ones have bidirectional stripes or a mixture of spiral and axisymmetric stripes. Lastly, moderate-stiffness structures are typically adorned with periodic hexagonal patterns or a combination of hexagonal and labyrinth-like patterns. (AA) also found that their theory can predict wrinkling patterns in some nontoroidal structures, suggesting that it could be applied to a diverse range of objects. >>

Ryan Wilkinson. How Nature’s Donuts Get Their Wrinkles. Physics 16, s5. Jan 25, 2023. 

https://physics.aps.org/articles/v16/s5

T. Wang et al. Curvature-regulated multiphase patterns in tori. Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 048201. Jan 25, 2023.

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.048201

Also

keyword 'transition' | 'transitional' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=transition

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=transitional

keyword 'transition' | 'transizion*' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=transition

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=transizione

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=transizioni

Keywords: gst, morphogenesis, transitions, multiphase transitions, bistability, pattern formation, elastic deformation, mechanical deformation

# gst: transitions, how two saddles can increase the transient times.

FIG. 8. Attractor and chaotic saddles (..) amplified around three bands of the chaotic attractor.  The global chaotic saddle is colored blue, and the local chaotic saddle is colored red. The attractors are colored black. 

AA << consider a dissipative version of the standard nontwist map. Nontwist systems present a robust transport barrier, called the shearless curve, that becomes the shearless attractor when dissipation is introduced. This attractor can be regular or chaotic depending on the control parameters. Chaotic attractors can undergo sudden and qualitative changes as a parameter is varied. These changes are called crises, and at an interior crisis the attractor suddenly expands. Chaotic saddles are nonattracting chaotic sets that play a fundamental role in the dynamics of nonlinear systems, they are responsible for chaotic transients, fractal basin boundaries, chaotic scattering and they mediate interior crises. >>

<< In this work (AA) discuss the creation of chaotic saddles in a dissipative nontwist system and the interior crises they generate. (They) show how the presence of two saddles increase the transient times and analyze the phenomenon of crisis induced intermittency. >>️

Rodrigo Simile Baroni, Ricardo Egydio de Carvalho, et al. Chaotic saddles and interior crises in a dissipative nontwist system. arXiv: 2211.06921v1 [nlin.CD]. Nov 13, 2022. 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.06921

Also

keyword 'intermittency' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=intermittency

keyword 'dissipation' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=dissipation

keyword 'saddle' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=saddle

keyword 'chaos' | 'chaotic' in Font

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=chaos

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=chaotic

keyword 'caos' | 'caotico' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=caos

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=caotico

Keywords: gst, transitions, dissipation, 

dissipative systems, chaos, saddle, chaotic saddle, crisis, interior crisis, intermittency

# gst: apropos of transitions, escape inside a noisy layered system

<< Noisy layered systems can exhibit amplified fluctuation patterns depending on their connectivity. Here (AA) showed that noise originally injected in one layer may induce faster basin escape in connected layers. This is both due to the amplification of the noise amplitude and the system specific correlations that the noise acquire while going through the first layer. Indeed, (..) one sees that the noise in the second is correlated in both space and time with clear dependence on the network structure. For networks with low algebraic connectivity, (AA) numerically showed that the first escape time is shorter in the two cases where (i) fluctuations are amplified in the second layer and (ii) noise in the second layer is rescaled in order to have the same variance in both layers. While point (i) is rather intuitive, i.e. larger fluctuations lead to shorter first escape times, point (ii) is more involved. Indeed, this indicates that noise with spatial and temporal correlations (..) selects directions that enable faster exits from the initial basin of attraction. >>

Melvyn Tyloo. Faster network disruption from layered oscillatory dynamics. arXiv: 2210.01180v1 [nlin.AO]. Oct 3, 2022. 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.01180

Also

keyword 'escape' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=escape

keyword 'escape' | 'fuga' in Notes 

(quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=escape

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=fuga

Keywords: gst, transitions, escape, noise, noisy layered systems 

# gst: rare transitions in noisy net scenarios

AA << study small white noise perturbations of planar dynamical systems with heteroclinic networks in the limit of vanishing noise. (They)  show that the probabilities of transitions between various cells that the network tessellates the plane into decay as powers of the noise magnitude. (They) show that the most likely scenario for the realization of these rare transition events involves spending atypically long times in the neighborhoods of certain saddle points of the network. >>️

Yuri Bakhtin, Hong-Bin Chen, Zsolt Pajor-Gyulai. Rare transitions in noisy heteroclinic networks. arXiv: 2205.00326v1 [math.PR]. Apr 30, 2022.    https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.00326

Also

keyword 'noise'  in FonT 

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=noise

keyword 'rumore'  in Notes

(quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=rumore

Keywords: gst, transitions, networks, heteroclinic networks, noise

# life: apropos of transitions, a leap from chemistry to biology, the hypothesis of self-assembling droplets, the 'droplet world'.

AA << identify conditions suitable for concurrent peptide generation and self-assembly, and (..) show how a proliferating peptide-based droplet could be created by using synthesised amino acid thioesters as prebiotic monomers. Oligopeptides generated from the monomers spontaneously formed droplets through liquid–liquid phase separation in water. The droplets underwent a steady growth–division cycle by periodic addition of monomers through autocatalytic self-reproduction. Heterogeneous enrichment of RNA and lipids within droplets enabled RNA to protect the droplet from dissolution by lipids. >>

Matsuo, M., Kurihara, K. Proliferating coacervate droplets as the missing link between chemistry and biology in the origins of life. Nat Commun 12, 5487. doi: 10.1038/ s41467-021-25530-6. Sep 24,  2021.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-25530-6

<< By constructing peptide droplets that proliferate with feeding on novel amino acid derivatives, we have experimentally elucidated the long-standing mystery of how prebiotic ancestors were able to proliferate and survive by selectively concentrating prebiotic chemicals, (..) Rather than an RNA world, we found that 'droplet world' may be a more accurate description, as our results suggest that droplets became evolvable molecular aggregates—one of which became our common ancestor. >> Muneyuki Matsuo.

Answering a century-old question on the origins of life. Hiroshima University. Sep 27, 2021. 

https://phys.org/news/2021-09-century-old-life.html

Also

keyword 'drop' | 'droplet' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=drop

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=droplet

keyword 'transition' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=transition

keyword 'transizione' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry): 

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=transizione

keywords: life, originsoflife, transitions, drop, droplet

# gst life: apropos of critical points, love (at first sight and love from liking or friendship) might be a second-order phase transition.

<< The hypothesis of the human brain operation in vicinity of a critical point has been a matter of a hot debate in the recent years. >>

<< In this work, (AA) suggest that love might be an example of a second-order phase transition occurring in the brain. (They) show that this hypothesis explains a lot of well-known properties of love. Analyzing several most famous literature examples and a private diary, (they) show that the intensity of feelings exhibits a universal scaling behavior, distinguishing two cases: love at first sight and love developing from liking or friendship (friends first), both being studied in psychology. >>

The theory of second-order phase transitions developed by L.D. Landau (1980) << has inspired a lot of activity in physics, because it turned out that such transitions are characterized by a universal scaling behavior. Independently of the nature of the system, their parameters exhibit power law dependencies on the dimensionless parameter (temperature). >>

<< The key hypothesis of the present work is that love is a second-order phase transition occurring in the human brain under the influence of hormones, such as dopamine and serotonin (..). The brain switches from the normal operation in the critical regime to the supercritical regime because of the increase of the excitation (more dopamine) and reduction of the inhibition (less serotonin) (..). The order parameter of the transition is the intensity of feelings: before the transition, the subject has no particular feelings, while after the transition the feelings are non-zero. The most direct consequence is that the order parameter should exhibit a universal power law behavior: the feelings should grow as a square root of time α ∼√ >>

<< Since it is impossible to analyze the human feelings directly during such uncontrollable phenomenon as ”love at first sight”, (AA) have decided to perform a quantitative study of the intensity of feelings depicted in the literature. (..) (They) have chosen three well-known books for this analysis: ”Romeo and Juliet” (W. Shakespeare), ”The Lily of the Valley” (H. de Balzac, (..)), and ”Martin Eden” (J. London). >>

<< the case of a non-zero external ”bias”, which is a situation that occurs more often than love at first sight. Indeed, one usually knows several persons better than all the others, and thus some positive feelings towards some of them can be present before the transition occurs. (..) To study this transition quantitatively, (AA) have chosen another well-known book, ”Jane Eyre” by Charlotte Bronte. This books is also quite autobiographic, and famous for the psychological details, that got its author the title of ”first historian of the private consciousness”. The delay between the initial acquaintance and love is now of several weeks (about 45 days).

Dmitry Solnyshkov, Guillaume Malpuech. Love might be a second-order phase transition. arXiv: 2203.13246v1 [cond-mat.stat-mech]. Mar 24, 2022. 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.13246

Also

keyword 'transition' in FonT: 

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=transition

keyword 'transizione' | 'transition' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry): 

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=transizione

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=transition

keywords: gst, life, love, transitions,  critical point, phasetransition, second-order phase transition, brain, mind, behavior.

# gst: apropos of transitions, when collisions can induce coherent dynamics.

<< In this paper (AA)  demonstrate a route to develop coherence in a system of non-driven oscillators. Here, the coherence is brought about via physical collisions through which the oscillators exchange energy. While coherence in the classical situations occurs due to sustained coupling terms in the dynamical equations, collision induced coherence is enabled solely through strong interactions that are of intermittent nature! >>

<< Very few studies (..) have attempted to study the contact dynamics during a collision. (AA) have generalized the framework of these experiments to demonstrate the collision-induced development of coherent dynamics in the simple one-dimensional arrangement of balls known as the Newton’s cradle. >>

Ayanesh Maiti, Shankar Ghosh. Collision-induced coherent dynamics. arXiv:2111.08902v1 [nlin.CD]. Nov 17, 2021. 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.08902

keywords: gst, transitions, oscillation, collision 

# gst: apropos of transitions, when a liquid droplet takes a turn (as a swimming behavior of amoebas)

Masatoshi Ichikawa and coll.  << have analyzed the conditions that cause self-propelling droplets to take linear or curved trajectories. The team studied water droplets between 60 and 800 μm across as they moved through oil that contained a surfactant. The droplets moved as a result of the Marangoni effect, in which an unequal distribution of surfactant molecules on the surface of each droplet creates a surface-tension gradient. (They) found that larger droplets tended to follow more tightly curved paths than smaller droplets. To understand the cause of this difference, Ichikawa and coll.  created a 3D model describing the concentration of surfactant on the surface of the droplets. They also studied the droplets’ internal flow, by observing the paths of small tracer particles. They characterized this flow as the sum of multiple patterns of fluid motion present in each droplet, including radial, dipolar, and quadrupolar motion. These patterns of motion were determined by the surface-tension gradients created by the uneven surfactant distribution on each droplet. In turn, such patterns controlled how the droplets moved. In particular, the team found that the angular difference between the dipolar and quadrupolar flows within droplets was strongly correlated with more curved droplet trajectories. In larger droplets, this angle changed more easily, causing the tightly curved trajectories. The researchers say that this fundamental mechanism may also influence the swimming behavior of amoebas.  >>️

Sophia Chen. When Liquid Droplets Take a Turn. Physics 14, s109. Aug 19, 2021.

https://physics.aps.org/articles/v14/s109

Saori Suda, Tomoharu Suda, et al. Straight-to-Curvilinear Motion Transition of a Swimming Droplet Caused by the Susceptibility to Fluctuations. Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 088005. Aug 19, 2021.

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.088005

Also

keyword 'drop' | 'droplet' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=drop

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=droplet

# gst: asymmetric ferroelectric bi-stability with two unequal stable polarization states by broken inversion symmetry

AA << demonstrated this phenomenon for the first time in engineered two-dimensional crystals. (..) These engineered crystals lead to an asymmetric bi-stability with two unequal stable polarization states in contrast to a natural ferroelectric. >>

New electronic phenomenon discovered. University of North Florida. Aug 11, 2021. 

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/08/210811131503.htm

<< In atomic-layer superlattices constructed using three constituent phases, (..) the stacking sequence of the atomic layers is found to control the symmetry of the high-temperature dielectric response. In such a superlattice when a nanostructured asymmetric strain is programmed into the lattice via the stacking order, the natural symmetry at high temperatures is removed and a polarized sample is obtained in which the polarization increases as the temperature is lowered. In contrast to a ferroelectric characterized by a bistable ground state with two equal and opposite electronic polarizations, (they)  experiments show evidence of asymmetric ferroelectric correlations that set in when such a sample becomes hysteretic below a temperature Tx, with two unequal polarization states. >>

Maitri P. Warusawithana, Caitlin S. Kengle, et al. Asymmetric ferroelectricity by design in atomic-layer superlattices with broken inversion symmetry.  Phys. Rev. B 104, 085103. Aug 4,  2021.

https://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.104.085103  

# gst: weird Nature; randomly arranged nanowire networks seem to behave, at the edge of chaos, like cortical neuronal cultures

<< an artificial network of nanowires can be tuned to respond in a brain-like way when electrically stimulated. >>️

<< If the signal stimulating the network was too low, then the pathways were too predictable and orderly and did not produce complex enough outputs to be useful. If the electrical signal overwhelmed the network, the output was completely chaotic and useless for problem solving. The optimal signal for producing a useful output was at the edge of this chaotic state. >>️

<< Some theories in neuroscience suggest the human mind could operate at this edge of chaos, or what is called the critical state, (..) Some neuroscientists think it is in this state where we achieve maximal brain performance. (..) What's so exciting about this result is that it suggests that these types of nanowire networks can be tuned into regimes with diverse, brain-like collective dynamics, which can be leveraged to optimize information processing. >> Zdenka Kuncic.️

<< In the nanowire network the junctions between the wires allow the system to incorporate memory and operations into a single system. This is unlike standard computers, which separate memory (RAM) and operations (CPUs). >>

<< These junctions act like computer transistors but with the additional property of remembering that signals have traveled that pathway before. As such, they are called 'memristors', >> Joel Hochstetter.

️

'Edge of chaos' opens pathway to artificial intelligence discoveries. University of Sydney. Jun 29, 2021.

https://phys.org/news/2021-06-edge-chaos-pathway-artificial-intelligence.html

Joel Hochstetter, Ruomin Zhu, et al. Avalanches and edge-of-chaos learning in neuromorphic nanowire networks. Nat Commun 12, 4008. doi: 10.1038/ s41467-021-24260-z. Jun 29, 2021.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-24260-z

# gst: observing the crystallization process in a droplet

<< Crystallization is the assembly of atoms or molecules into highly ordered solid crystals, which occurs in natural, biological, and artificial systems. However, crystallization in confined spaces, such as the formation of the protein shell of a virus, is poorly understood. Researchers are trying to control the structure of the final crystal formed in a confined space to obtain crystals with desired properties, which requires thorough knowledge of the crystallization process. >>

AA << used a droplet of a colloid—a dispersion of liquid particles in another liquid, like milk—as a model for single atoms or molecules in a sphere. Unlike single atoms or molecules, which are too small to easily observe, the colloid particles were large enough to visualize using a microscope. This allowed the researchers to track the ordering of single particles in real time during crystallization. >>

<< We visualized the organization process of colloid particles in numerous droplets under different conditions to provide a picture of the crystallization process in a sphere, >> Peng Tan

<< Based on their observations, the team proposed that the crystallization process involved three stages: initial ordering on the surface "skin" of the droplet, nucleation and growth in the core of the droplet, and then slow ripening of the whole structure. First, a skin consisting of a single layer of ordered colloid particles rapidly formed on the droplet surface. Next, crystallization occurred in the core of the droplet, far from the crystallized skin. The competition between crystallization in these two regions controlled the structure of the final crystal. The researchers found that the "soft" (long-range) interactions between the negatively charged colloid particles affected their organization and the resulting crystal structure. These soft interactions are dominated by kinetics, that is, the interactions that form the fastest, rather than those that use the least energy to give the thermodynamically stable structure, illustrating that kinetics plays an important role in crystallization in a confined space. It was already known that thermodynamics contributes strongly to the final structure of crystals. >>

Having a ball: Crystallization in a sphere. University of Tokyo. Sep 21, 2020.

https://phys.org/news/2020-09-ball-crystallization-sphere.html

Chen Y., Yao Z., et al. Morphology selection kinetics of crystallization in a sphere. Nat. Phys. doi: 10.1038/ s41567-020-0991-9. Sep 21, 2020.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-020-0991-9

Also

Control of material crystallization by agitation. Osaka University. Jun 08, 2017.

https://phys.org/news/2017-06-material-crystallization-agitation.html

keyword 'drop' or 'droplet' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=drop

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=droplet

# life: apropos of transitional blennies

<< Research on blennies, a family of fish that have repeatedly left the sea for land, suggests that being a 'jack of all trades' allows species to make the dramatic transition onto land but adapting into a 'master of one' allows them to stay there. >>

<< a flexible diet and behavior were likely to be instrumental in the transition to land. However, once out of the water, restrictions on the type of food available triggered major evolutionary changes, particularly to their teeth, as land dwelling blennies have become specialists in scraping algae and detritus from rocks. >>

<< having a broad diet or being behaviorally flexible can help you move into a new habitat. But once there, this flexibility becomes eroded by natural selection. This presumably means those highly specialized species are less likely to be able to make further transitions, or cope with abrupt environment changes in their existing habitat. >> Terry Ord.

How fish got onto land, and stayed there. British Ecological Society. Jun 17, 2020.  

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-fish.html

Terry J. Ord, Peter J. Hundt. Crossing extreme habitat boundaries: Jack‐of‐all‐trades facilitates invasion but is eroded by adaptation to a master‐of‐one. Funct Ecol. doi: 10.1111/ 1365-2435.13600. Jun 16, 2020.

https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.13600

Also

The multifactorial relationship system evolved in Blenny. FonT. Jun 2, 2017.

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2017/06/s-behav-multifactorial-relationship.html

# gst: apropos of 'transitions', liquid-liquid transitions within a one- component system

<< For a long time, the liquid state of pure substances was believed to be a continuous state in which the component atoms or molecules are all equivalent. However, it has now been widely shown that there can be multiple phases within liquids, even those containing only one component. >>

AA << have devised a model based on two factors that describe the ordering of the liquid; the density, and the local organization of the liquid atoms or molecules at a particular point. >>

<< Our Ginzburg-Landau-type model evaluates the system using two order parameters; one that is conserved-density; and one that is not- local structural order (..) What we found was that the growth of the liquid domain we studied was affected by density changes that cause hydrodynamic fluctuations. >> Kyohei Takae.

<< It was shown that when the density changes as a result of the phase transition, hydrodynamic flow is induced leading to changes in both the rate of domain growth and the long-range interaction between the domains. Hydrodynamic interaction was therefore found to be critical to LLT (liquid-liquid transitions) and the pattern evolution and kinetics. >>

But what about flow? The effect of hydrodynamics on liquid-liquid transitions. University of Tokyo. Feb 10, 2020.

https://phys.org/news/2020-02-effect-hydrodynamics-liquid-liquid-transitions.html

Kyohei Takae, Hajime Tanaka. Role of hydrodynamics in liquid–liquid transition of a single-component substance. PNAS. 117 (9) 4471-4479. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1911544117. Mar 3, 2020.

https://www.pnas.org/content/117/9/4471

Also

more on the weirdness of water, "T" and "non-T" Tetrahedral arrangements. Feb 5, 2020. 

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2020/02/chem-more-on-weirdness-of-water-t-and.html

Also

keyword 'transition/al' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=transition

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=transitional

keyword 'transizione/i' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=transizione

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=transizioni

keyword 'transizionale/i' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=transizionale

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=transizionali

# gst: tiny deviations (inside a phase transition) to avoid a near-complete annihilation.

<< Recently discovered ripples of spacetime called gravitational waves could contain evidence to prove the theory that life survived the Big Bang because of a phase transition that allowed neutrino particles to reshuffle matter and anti-matter, >>

<< According to the Big Bang theory of modern cosmology, matter was created with an equal amount of anti-matter. If it had stayed that way, matter and anti-matter should have eventually met and annihilated one to one, leading up to a complete annihilation.

But our existence contradicts this theory. To overcome a complete annihilation, the Universe must have turned a small amount of anti-matter into matter creating an imbalance between them. >>  

<< the Universe went through a phase transition so that neutrinos could reshuffle matter and anti-matter. >>

Showing how the tiniest particles in our Universe saved us from complete annihilation. Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe. Feb 3, 2020.

https://m.phys.org/news/2020-02-tiniest-particles-universe-annihilation.html

Jeff A. Dror, Takashi Hiramatsu, et al.  Testing the Seesaw Mechanism and Leptogenesis with Gravitational Waves.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 041804. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.041804. Jan 28, 2020. 

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.041804

# life: apropos of transient dynamics, a predator–prey system seems to long-term survive without self-destruction

<< Predator-prey cycles rank among the most fundamental concepts in ecology, are predicted by the simplest ecological models and enable, theoretically, the indefinite persistence of predator and prey. However, it remains an open question for how long cyclic dynamics can be self-sustained in real communities.  >>

Bernd Blasius, Lars Rudolf, et al. Long-term cyclic persistence in an experimental predator–prey system. Nature doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1857-0. Dec 18, 2019.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1857-0

<<  It will be important to bring together this work (..) with theoretical models that are currently being developed. Doing so should provide more insights into the role of transient dynamics in natural systems. >>

Long-term predator–prey cycles finally achieved in the lab. Nature. doi: 10.1038/d41586-019-03603-3. Dec 18, 2019

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03603-3

# gst: the complex dynamics of a transition

<< The transition state is a central concept of chemistry (..) Everything we think about in reactions really hinges on the structure of the transition state, which we cannot directly observe. >> Robert Field.

<< there are two different mechanisms competing for transition states, >>

<< there are additional reaction mechanisms beyond those two, >>

Chemists glimpse the fleeting 'transition state' of a reaction. 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dec 16, 2019.

https://m.phys.org/news/2019-12-chemists-glimpse-fleeting-transition-state.html

# gst: the hypothesis of a first order phase transition (a type of abrupt phase transition) to originate black holes observed by LIGO/Virgo in binary mergers.

<<  To summarize, motivated by the ~10 M* (mass similar to that of the sun) black holes observed by LIGO/Virgo in binary mergers, (AA) entertained the possibility that the quark-gluon confinement phase transition was first order due to the effect of 6 light quarks. The larger number of light quarks, compared to the standard case, pushes the transition temperature below ∼100 MeV. The first order nature of the transition significantly improves the likelihood of forming primordial black holes and its lower temperature suggests that these black holes can potentially be as heavy as ∼10 M*, compared to ∼M* for the standard QCD transition. >>

Hooman Davoudiasl.  LIGO/Virgo Black Holes from a First Order Quark Confinement Phase Transition. Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 101102. Sep 6, 2019.   https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.101102  

Ingrid Fadelli. Theory proposes that LIGO/Virgo black holes originate from a first order phase transition. Sep 23, 2019.    https://m.phys.org/news/2019-09-theory-ligovirgo-black-holes-phase.html  

QCD = quantum chromodynamic  
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

# gst: leading to an order-disorder transition to design of decentralized swarm systems.

<< Adaptive collective behavior underpinned by specialized optimization strategies is ubiquitous in the natural world. (AA) develop a minimal model of agents that explore their environment by means of sampling trajectories. (..) (They) find that, as cognitive agents build and update their internal, cognitive representation of the causal structure of their environment, complex patterns emerge in the system (..) Exchange of information among the agents leads to an order-disorder transition. As a result of the spontaneous breaking of translational symmetry, a Goldstone mode emerges, which points at a collective mechanism of information transfer >>

Hannes Hornischer, Stephan Herminghaus, Marco G. Mazza. Structural transition in the collective behavior of cognitive agents. Scientific Reports. volume 9, Article number: 12477 (2019).   https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-48638-8 

Nature's most beautiful performances could inspire the next generation of artificial intelligence. Loughborough University. Sep 6, 2019.    https://m.techxplore.com/news/2019-09-nature-beautiful-artificial-intelligence.html  

# brain: to trace transitions from consciousness to unconscious subliminal perception

AA << study the transition in the functional networks that characterize the human brains’ conscious-state to an unconscious subliminal state of perception >>

<< the most inner core (i.e., the most connected kernel) of the conscious-state functional network corresponds to areas which remain functionally active when the brain transitions from the conscious-state to the subliminal-state. That is, the inner core of the conscious network coincides with the subliminal-state. >>

<< This finding imposes constraints to theoretical models of consciousness, in that the location of the core of the functional brain network is in the unconscious part of the brain rather than in the conscious state as previously thought. >>

Francesca Arese Lucini, Gino Del Ferraro, et al. How the Brain Transitions from Conscious to Subliminal Perception. Neuroscience. Volume 411, Jul 15, 2019, Pages 280-290.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306452219302052

<< The k-core of the conscious state is reduced to three active regions of the brain, the fusiform gyrus (left and right) and the precentral gyrus. These regions are the only active in the subliminal state. >>

Physicists use mathematics to trace neuro transitions. City College of New York. Jul 18, 2019.

https://m.medicalxpress.com/news/2019-07-physicists-mathematics-neuro-transitions.html