# game: Parrondo's paradox reveals counterintuitive wins in biology and decision making in society.

<< 

• Parrondo's paradox illustrates how combining two losing strategies can result in a winning outcome.

• Its applications extend across various disciplines, particularly in understanding ecosystems at different scales.

• The paradox is explored in multiple fields, highlighting adaptability as a key factor in evolutionary survival.

• Future directions are outlined, emphasizing the potential to enhance our understanding of the natural world and society.

 >>️

Tao Wen, Kang Hao Cheong. Parrondo's paradox reveals counterintuitive wins in biology and decision making in society. Physics of Life Reviews. 51, 33-59. Dec 19, 2024. 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1571064524000940 

Also: Parrondo, game, tit-for-tat, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Also: 'Parrondo paradox', in Pubmed  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=parrondo+paradox&sort=date&size=50

Keywords: gst, Parrondo, game, tit-for-tat

FonT: as mentioned elsewhere in this blog, from my point of view, if well modulated, the two paired strategies "Stochastic Tit-For-Tat" and "Parrondo" are deadly, regardless of the aims of the objectives (cooperative purposes, parasitism, resurfacing of hypothetical clusters of failed entities, ... )

# game: aperiodic Parrondo (behavior based on the binary Fibonacci, Thue–Morse and Rudin–Shapiro sequences); persistence and heterogeneity effects.

AA << study the effectiveness of employing archetypal aperiodic sequencing -- namely Fibonacci, Thue-Morse, and Rudin-Saphiro -- on the Parrondian effect. From a capital gain perspective, (their) results show that these series do yield a Parrondo's Paradox with the Thue-Morse based strategy outperforming not only the other two aperiodic strategies but benchmark Parrondian games with random and periodical (AABBAABB…) switching as well. The least performing of the three aperiodic strategies is the Rudin-Shapiro. >>

AA << analyze the cross-correlation between the capital generated by the switching protocols and that of the isolated losing games. This analysis reveals that a pronounced anti-correlation (below -0.95) with both isolated games is typically required to achieve a robust manifestation of Parrondo's effect. >>

About << the influence of the sequencing on the capital using the lacunarity and persistence measures (AA) observe that the switching protocols tend to become less performing in terms of the capital as one increases the persistence and thus approaches the features of an isolated losing game. >>

Respect to << lacunarity, a property related to heterogeneity, (AA) notice that for small persistence the performance increases with the lacunarity with a maximum (..). In respect of this, (AA) work shows that  the optimisation of a switching protocol is strongly dependent on a fine tune between persistence and heterogeneity. >>

Marcelo A. Pires, Erveton P. Pinto, et al. Parrondo's effects with aperiodic protocols. arXiv: 2410.02987v1 [physics.soc-ph]. Oct 3, 2024.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.02987

Also: Parrondo, tit-for-tat, game, behav, network, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: Parrondo, tit-for-tat, game, behavior, behaviour, network

# game: apropos of Parrondo's paradox, winning with losses driven by reputation and reciprocity

AA << investigate two such social behaviors, reputation and reciprocity, and their role in explaining Darwin’s survival of the fittest, examining how these fundamental principles govern individual interactions and shape broader social dynamics. >>

<< Current theories hint at two main facets of social interaction, reputation and reciprocity, as potential drivers behind this cooperative evolution. Reputation revolves around building and sustaining trust, social worth, and overall community standing. Conversely, reciprocity governs the mutual exchange of actions or benefits, influencing our choices. >>

<< One intriguing concept explored in this domain is Parrondo’s paradox: combining or switching between two losing strategies might surprisingly achieve a winning outcome. The role of Parrondo’s paradox in complex systems has sparked key research into chaotic many-body, quantum, and algorithmic network applications, where combining elements yields opposing beneficial results. Similarly, social physicists aim to uncover hidden mechanisms that govern societal phenomena by integrating the paradox’s counterintuitive principles. >>️

<< The game-theoretic Parrondo’s paradox emerges through multiple iterations of these interactions (..) A naive observation might conclude that in either scheme the chance of individuals losing to the environment is higher than gaining from the environment. For the reputation scheme, one is rewarded with a singular capital from the environment but is punished with two. Similarly, the reciprocity scheme only allows for the redistribution of capital or loss of capital. In reality, diverse schemes can be adopted by different individuals. Thus, (AA) suggest two forms of switching: (1) stochastic switching, where the individual randomly selects one of two schemes to employ with equal probability, and (2) rule-based switching, where the individual only selects the reputation scheme if it passes the reputation threshold ρ; otherwise, it employs the reciprocity scheme. >>

AA << also performed simulations on other network topologies (..) Parrondo’s paradox is strongly observed in small-world networks, weakly in the Erdős-Rényi network, and absent in scale-free networks. >>

To conclude, some of these observations << underscore the profound capability of rule-based switching mechanisms inherent in Parrondo’s paradox to emulate and forecast key aspects of real-world social phenomena. Such insights are invaluable for developing sophisticated models and strategies in various fields, ranging from social sciences to policy making, where accurate predictions of social behavior and dynamics are crucial. >>

Joel Weijia Lai, Kang Hao Cheong. Winning with Losses: The Surprising Success of Negative Strategies in Social Interaction Behavior. Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 167401. Oct 16, 2024. 

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.167401

Also: Parrondo, tit-for-tat, game, behav, network, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: Parrondo, tit-for-tat, game, behavior, behaviour, network

# game: hypothesis of a geometric design of chaotic attractors, on demand

AA << propose a method using reservoir computing to generate chaos with a desired shape by providing a periodic orbit as a template, called a skeleton. (They) exploit a bifurcation of the reservoir to intentionally induce unsuccessful training of the skeleton, revealing inherent chaos. The emergence of this untrained attractor, resulting from the interaction between the skeleton and the reservoir's intrinsic dynamics, offers a novel semi-supervised framework for designing chaos. >>️

Tempei Kabayama, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, et al. Designing Chaotic Attractors: A Semi-supervised Approach. arXiv: 2407.09545v1 [cs.NE]. Jun 27, 2024.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.09545

Also: game, chaos in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: game, chaos, chaotic attractors

# game: flocking by turning away.

<< Flocking, as paradigmatically exemplified by birds, is the coherent collective motion of active agents. As originally conceived, flocking emerges through alignment interactions between the agents. >>️

AA << report that flocking can also emerge through interactions that turn agents away from each other. >>

<< Whereas repulsion often leads to motility-induced phase separation of active particles, here it combines with turn-away torques to produce flocking. Therefore, (AA) findings bridge the classes of aligning and nonaligning active matter. (Their) results could help to reconcile the observations that cells can flock despite turning away from each other via contact inhibition of locomotion.  >>️

AA << work shows that flocking is a very robust phenomenon that arises even when the orientational interactions would seem to prevent it. >>️

️

Suchismita Das, Matteo Ciarchi, Ziqi Zhou, Jing Yan, Jie Zhang, Ricard Alert. Flocking by Turning Away. Phys. Rev. X 14, 031008. Jul 12, 2024.

https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031008

Also: Janus, in FonT 

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=janus 

Also: game, flock, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: game, flock, Janus

FonT: an approach of this type could hypothetically generate intriguing, bizarre, unexpected game scenarios in various other contexts ...

# game: apropos of Parrondo's game, how a flexible parasite can outsmart its hosts for evolutionary dominance.

<< Antagonistic coevolution between hosts and parasites substantially impacts community structure, with parasites displaying fluctuating selection or arms race dynamics during coevolution. The traditional matching alleles (MA) and gene-for-gene (GFG) models have been used to describe the dynamics and interaction of host-parasite coevolution, with these models assuming that parasites adopt a single strategy when competing with other parasites. >>

AA << present a nonlinear dynamic population model that challenges this assumption, showing how a parasite that is disadvantaged under either the MA or the GFG model can win the competition by switching between the two losing strategies based on an external environmental cue, internal processes, or stochastic decision-making. >>

<< This counterintuitive outcome is analogous to Parrondo's paradox, a game-theoretic concept that shows how alternating between two losing strategies can result in a winning outcome. >>

Tao Wen, Eugene V. Koonin, Kang Hao Cheong. How flexible parasites can outsmart their hosts for evolutionary dominance. Phys. Rev. Research 6, 023104. Apr 30, 2024.

https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.6.023104 

Also: game, Parrondo, evolution, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: game, Parrondo, evolution

FonT: from my point of view, if well modulated, the two paired strategies "Stochastic Tit-For-Tat" and "Parrondo" are deadly, regardless of the aims of the objectives (cooperative purposes, parasitism, etc)

# life: call for four Parrondo's paradox peacekeeper players

<< US President Joe Biden has said world history is at "an inflection point" as he made the case for a "smart investment" of ... >> Ukraine, Israel, Taiwan.

️

Holly Honderich, Sarah Smith. Biden seeks 'vital' (..) aid for Israel and Ukraine. BBC News, Oct 20, 2023. 

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-67164900

Also: Switch to three players within the Parrondo game. FonT. Jun 11, 2022.

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2022/06/gst-switch-to-three-players-within.html

Also: Parrondo, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html

Also: "Parrondo"[TIAB], in https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

Also: Parrondo, in https://arxiv.org/search/?query=Parrondo&searchtype=abstract&abstracts=show&order=-announced_date_first&size=50

Keywords: life, game, Parrondo, Potus, war, nfulaw

# gst: transitions by coupled instabilities

AA << present an experimental study of quasiperiodic transitions between a highly ordered square-lattice pattern and a disordered, defect-riddled state, in a circular Faraday system. (They)  show that the transition is driven initially by a long-wave amplitude modulation instability, which excites the oscillatory transition phase instability, leading to the formation of dislocations in the Faraday lattice. The appearance of dislocations dampens amplitude modulations, which prevents further defects from being created and allows the system to relax back to its ordered state. The process then repeats itself in a quasiperiodic manner. >>

Valeri Frumkin, Shreyas Gokhale. Coupled instabilities drive quasiperiodic order-disorder transitions in Faraday waves. Phys. Rev. E 108, L012601. July 17, 2023. 

https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.108.L012601

Also: parrondo, tit-for-tat, game, transition, chaos, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html

Keywords: parrondo, tit-for-tat, game,  transition, chaos

# gst: apropos of the shepherding problem, a collision-free model between sheep and shepherd

<< The shepherding problem refers to guiding a group of agents (called sheep) to a specific destination using an external agent with repulsive forces (called shepherd). Although various movement algorithms for the shepherd have been explored in the literature, there is a scarcity of methodologies for selective guidance, which is a key technology for precise swarm control. >>️

AA << study investigates the problem of guiding a single target sheep within a swarm to a given destination using a shepherd. (AA) first present (their) model of the dynamics of sheep agents and the interaction between sheep and shepherd agents. The model is shown to be well-defined with no collision if the interaction magnitude between sheep and shepherd is reasonably limited. Based on the analysis with Lyapunov stability principles, (AA) design a shepherd control law to guide the target sheep to the origin while avoiding collisions among sheep agents. >>️

Yaosheng Deng, Aiyi Li, Masaki Ogura, Naoki Wakamiya. Collision-Free Shepherding Control of a Single Target within a Swarm. arXiv: 2306.12044v1 [nlin.AO]. Jun 21, 2023.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.12044

Also:  behav, swarm, game, sadistic, ctz  in:  https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html

Keywords: gst, behav, swarm, game

# gst: pattern generation through turbulent cascades

<< Fully developed turbulence is a universal and scale-invariant chaotic state characterized by an energy cascade from large to small scales where the cascade is eventually arrested by dissipation. In this Letter, (AA) show how to harness these seemingly structureless turbulent cascades to generate patterns. Conceptually, pattern or structure formation entails a process of wavelength selection: patterns typically arise from the linear instability of a homogeneous state. By contrast, the mechanism (they) propose here is fully non-linear and triggered by a non-dissipative arrest of turbulent cascades. Instead of being dissipated, energy piles up at intermediate scales. Using a combination of theory and large-scale simulations, (AA) show that the tunable wavelength of these cascade-induced patterns is set by a non-dissipative transport coefficient called odd or gyro viscosity. This non-dissipative viscosity is ubiquitous in chiral systems (..). Beyond chiral fluids, cascade-induced pattern formation could occur in natural systems (..) as well as in industrial processes (..). >>

Xander M. de Wit, Michel Fruchart, et al. Pattern formation by non-dissipative arrest of turbulent cascades. arXiv: 2304.10444v1 [cond-mat.soft]. Apr 20, 2023.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.10444

Also: 'turbulence', 'vortex', 'game', 'evolution', 'ai' in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html

Keywords: gst, vortex, vorticity,  turbulence, turbulent cascade, pattern formation, game, evolution, ai (artificial intelligence)

# behav: even the first asynchronous decisions might tend to be correct and exhibit information cascades.

<< It is usually assumed that information cascades are most likely to occur when an early but incorrect opinion spreads through the group. Here (AA) analyse models of confidence-sharing in groups and reveal the opposite result: simple but plausible models of naïve Bayesian decision-making exhibit information cascades when group decisions are synchronous; however, when group decisions are asynchronous, the early decisions reached by Bayesian decision makers tend to be correct, and dominate the group consensus dynamics. Thus early decisions actually rescue the group from making errors, rather than contribute to it. (AA) explore the likely realism of our assumed decision-making rule with reference to the evolution of mechanisms for aggregating social information, and known psychological and neuroscientific mechanisms. >>️

Andreagiovanni Reina, Thomas Bose, et al.  Asynchrony rescues statistically-optimal group decisions from information cascades through emergent leaders.  bioRxiv. doi: 10.1101/ 2022.04.05.487127. Feb16, 2023.

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487127v3

Also

'asynchronous' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=asynchronous

'game' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=game

'behav' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=behav

Keywords: behavior, behaviour, game, decision-making, synchronous- asynchronous group decisions, social interactions, information cascade, life, jazz

# behav: unfrequent events under radical uncertainty; rats tend to avoid black swan situations.

AA << present a novel experimental design that aims at measuring the extent to which animal subjects are sensitive to rare and extreme events and, in addition, how rats respond to those very unfrequent events under radical uncertainty. (..) the novelty of (AA) design is that it provides two direct measures that help interpreting (..) behavioral data: Total Sensitivity to Rare and Extreme Events, and One-sided Sensitivity to Rare and Extreme Events with Black-Swan Avoidance/Jackpot-Seeking behaviors as limiting cases. >>️

<< First, most rats (..) can be grouped into a moderate to high Total Sensitivity group. This means that most rats diversify their choices across options in such a way that they more often rely on convex ones than on concave ones overall. Therefore, they tend to seek extreme gains/Jackpots and to avoid extreme losses/ Black Swans. In addition, most rats (..) tend to exhibit Black Swan Avoidance, which indicates that, given Total Sensitivity, they tend to try more often to avoid Black Swans than to seek Jackpots. (AA) interpret such a behavior as significant aversion towards uncertainty about rare and extreme losses.  >>️

<< all rats diversify their choices across a set of options, which is reminiscent of observed behaviors such as, for example, bet-hedging in animals and financial portfolio strategies used by humans >>

️

<< results from similar experiments among different species might be of interest for the analysis of neurobiological substrates involved in decision-making and its evolutionary traits in the context of rare and extreme events. >>️

Mickael Degoulet, Louis-Matis Willem, et al. Decision-Making in Rats is Sensitive to Rare and Extreme Events: the Black Swan Avoidance. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.11.01.466806v1. Nov 04, 2021. 

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466806v1

 Keywords: behav, game, decision-making, bet-hedging, trading, uncertainty, gain, loss, black swan 

# game: in a iterated prisoner's dilemma scenario forgiveness turns out to be an adaptation

<< Prisoner’s dilemma is used to represent a range of real life phenomena such as economics, commerce, nature and wildlife. >>

<< Researchers working on iterated prisoner's dilemma (IPD) with limited memory inspected the outcome of different forgetting strategies in homogeneous environment, within which all agents adopt the same forgetting strategy at a time. In this work, with the intention to represent real life more realistically, (AA) improve existing forgetting strategies, offer new ones, and conduct experiments in heterogeneous environment that contains mixed agents and compare the results with previous research as well as homogeneous environment >>

<< in a more realistic environment consisting of all types of agents, in terms of both cooperation probabilities and forgetting strategies, agents who forget defectors consistently outperform other forgetting strategies for all memory ratio values. Moreover, the best performing defectors are also the ones that forget other defectors. In other words, agents who “forgive” defectors are the best performers. Hence, forgiveness is an adaptation. >>

FMC : Forget most cooperator first 

FMP : Forget most played first 

FMU : Forget most unpredictable first 

FR :  Forget randomly 

FLP : Forget least played first 

FMD : Forget most defector first 

Meliksah Turker, Haluk O. Bingol. Forgiveness is an Adaptation in Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma with Memory. arXiv:2112.07894v1 [cs.GT]. Dec 15, 2021

https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.07894

Also

keyword 'game' | 'tit-for-tat' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=game

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=tit-for-tat

keyword 'game' | 'tit-for-tat' in Notes

(quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=game

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=tit-for-tat

Keywords: game, iterated prisoner's dilemma, forgiveness, adaptation

# life: Occam's razor revisited, miss opportunities to improve through subtraction

<< A new study explains why people rarely look at a situation, object or idea that needs improving -- in all kinds of contexts -- and think to remove something as a solution. Instead, we almost always add some element, whether it helps or not. >>️

<< It happens in engineering design, which is my main interest, (..) But it also happens in writing, cooking and everything else -- just think about your own work and you will see it. The first thing that comes to our minds is, what can we add to make it better. Our paper shows we do this to our detriment, even when the only right answer is to subtract. Even with financial incentive, we still don't think to take away. >> Leidy Klotz.️

Why our brains miss opportunities to improve through subtraction. University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Science. Apr 7, 2021. 

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/04/210407135801.htm

Adams GS, Converse BA, et al. People systematically overlook subtractive changes. Nature 592, 258–261. doi: 10.1038/ s41586-021-03380-y. Apr 7,  2021.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03380-y

Also

keyword 'occam' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=occam

keyword 'occam' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=occam

# life: even when you play classic (e.g. Montezuma's Revenge), bots win.

<< A team of researchers (..) has developed a set of learning algorithms that proved to be better at playing classic video games than human players or other AI systems. >>

They << explain how their algorithms differ from others and why they believe they have applications in robotics, language processing and even designing new drugs. >>

<< Reinforcement learning algorithms learn how to do things by synthesizing information provided in a large dataset- they recognize patterns and use them to make guesses about new data. (..) But, (..) such algorithms tend to run into trouble when they encounter data that does not fit with other data in the dataset. (AA) have overcome this problem by adding an algorithm that remembers all the paths a previous algorithm has taken as it has tried to solve a problem. When it finds a data point that does not appear to be correct, it goes back to its memory map and tries another route. In terms of playing video games, it retains screen grabs as it plays and when it finds itself losing, goes back to another point in the game and tries another approach. The algorithm also groups together images that look similar to figure out what point in time it should return to if things go awry. >>

<< They then used their system to play 55 Atari games that, over time, have become benchmarks for testing AI systems. The new system beat other AI systems 85.5 percent of the time. It did particularly well at Montezuma's Revenge, scoring higher than any other AI system and beating the record for a human. >>

Bob Yirka. Reinforcement learning algorithms score higher than humans, other AI systems at classic video games. Feb 25, 2021.

https://techxplore.com/news/2021-02-algorithms-score-higher-humans-ai.html

Ecoffet A, Huizinga J, et al. First return, then explore. Nature 590, 580–586. doi: 10.1038/ s41586-020-03157-9. Feb 25, 2021.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-03157-9

Also

keyword 'AI' | 'bot' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=ai

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=bot

keyword 'ia' | 'ai' | 'robota' in Notes (quasi- stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=ia

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=ai

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=robota

# life: a bizarre role of reversal within a hypothetical POTUSrace game; now playing: 'generous' Donald vs 'predator' Covid-19

<< Always good to make sure: Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin, the lead negotiator for President Donald Trump on this package, was asked Wednesday morning if the President would sign the agreement. Mnuchin: "Absolutely, absolutely." >>

Phil Mattingly. Congress on track to pass the largest emergency aid deal in US history. CNN. Updated 1403 GMT (2203 HKT) Mar 25, 2020.

https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/25/politics/coronavirus-stimulus-bill-state-of-play/index.html

Kevin Breuninger. Trump wants direct payments of $1,000 for adults, $500 for kids in coronavirus stimulus bill, Mnuchin says. Mar 19, 2020 09:30 AM ETD

https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/19/coronavirus-trump-wants-payments-of-1000-for-adults-500-for-kids.html

Also 

#life; #POTUSrace; a bizarre hypothesis of that game, a (not real, theoretical) 'generous' Charlie vs. a (not real, theoretical) 'predator' Donald ... Jun 12, 2016.  

15:53  Feb 24, 2020.

https://twitter.com/flashontrack/status/1231955346534682626

never boring with chaos and tit-for-tat theories. FonT. Jun 12, 2016.

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2016/06/s-gst-never-boring-with-chaos-and-tit.html

# game: apropos of perpetual hack, to bypass 'lizard' brains with a Tit-for-Tat approach

<< In (..) lizard brain, (..) "cheating" was really just "retaliation." >>

<< Where do we go from here?

Is there a way to break this cycle? >>

<<  For no matter how viscerally satisfying and rational it may appear to operate in a never-ending tit-for-tat spiral, in the long run, cooperation pays >>  

Niels Rosenquist.  How Tit-for-Tat Game Theory Hacked Politics. Jun 10, 2019. 

https://thebulwark.com/how-tit-for-tat-game-theory-has-hacked-politics/

FonT

a "catapulting" approach to bypass "lizard" brains: 

1668 - ramificata tinnula (di carmina fluitantia). Jun 9, 2005.

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2005/06/1668-ramificata-tinnula-di-carmina.html

More

keyword "tit-for-tat" in FonT:

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=tit-for-tat

keyword "tit-for-tat" in Notes:

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=tit-for-tat