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martedì 30 marzo 2021

# ai: how a bot could start playing experimentally (as if it were a video game)

<< Inspired by the mastery of artificial intelligence (AI) over games like Go and Super Mario, scientists (..) trained an AI agent -- an autonomous computational program that observes and acts -- how to conduct research experiments at superhuman levels by using the same approach.  >>

<< Since time at our facility is a precious resource, it is our responsibility to be good stewards of that; this means we need to find ways to use this resource more efficiently so that we can enable more science, (..) One bottleneck is us, the humans who are measuring the samples. We come up with an initial strategy, but adjust it on the fly during the measurement to ensure everything is running smoothly. But we can't watch the measurement all the time because we also need to eat, sleep and do more than just run the experiment." >> Daniel Olds.️

<< This is why we taught an AI agent to conduct scientific experiments as if they were video games. This allows a robot to run the experiment, while we -- humans -- are not there. It enables round-the-clock, fully remote, hands-off experimentation with roughly twice the efficiency that humans can achieve, >> Phillip Maffettone.️
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After AIs mastered Go and Super Mario, scientists have taught them how to 'play' experiments. DOE/ Brookhaven National Laboratory. March 25, 2021.


Phillip M Maffettone, Joshua K Lynch, et al.   Gaming the beamlines— employing reinforcement learning to maximize scientific outcomes at large-scale user facilities. Machine Learning: Science and Technology, 2 (2): 025025 doi: 10.1088/ 2632-2153/abc9fc. Mar 25, 2021.


Also

Anomalous formation of molecules after vapor deposition. FonT. Dec 31, 2015.


keyword 'ai' | 'bot' in FonT



keyword 'ia' | 'ai' | 'robota' in Notes (quasi- stochastic poetry)






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venerdì 26 marzo 2021

# evol: ancient photosynthesis could be as old as life itself

<< the earliest bacteria had the tools to perform a crucial step in photosynthesis,  (..) The finding also challenges expectations for how life might have evolved on other planets. >>️

<< Photosystem II show patterns of evolution that are usually only attributed to the oldest known enzymes, which were crucial for life itself to evolve >> Tanai Cardona.️

<< enzymes capable of performing the key process in oxygenic photosynthesis -- splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen -- could actually have been present in some of the earliest bacteria. The earliest evidence for life on Earth is over 3.4 billion years old and some studies have suggested that the earliest life could well be older than 4.0 billion years old.  Like the evolution of the eye, the first version of oxygenic photosynthesis may have been very simple and inefficient; as the earliest eyes sensed only light, the earliest photosynthesis may have been very inefficient and slow. (..) that oxygen production was present at all so early on means in other environments, such as on other planets, the transition to complex life could have taken much less time. >>️

Photosynthesis could be as old as life itself. Imperial College London. Mar 24, 2021. 


Thomas Olivera, Patricia Sanchez-Baracaldo, et al. Time-resolved comparative molecular evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, 2021; 1862 (6): 148400. doi: 10.1016/ j.bbabio.2021.148400. Jun 1,  2021.


Also

Lewis M. Ward, Patrick M. Shih. Granick revisited: Synthesizing evolutionary and ecological evidence for the late origin of bacteriochlorophyll via ghost  lineages and horizontal gene transfer. PLoS ONE 16(1): e0239248. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239248. 
Jan 28, 2021. 



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mercoledì 24 marzo 2021

# life: a tiny pill against two unfavorable hypotheses on serial coronavirus pandemics - to avoid the socio-economic psycho-behavioral fallout caused by 1or2achoos (e.g. from Wuhan)

<< Pfizer Inc. said it has begun human safety testing of a new pill to treat the coronavirus that could be used at the first sign of illness. If it succeeds in trials, the pill could be prescribed early in an infection to block viral replication before patients get very sick. The drug binds to an enzyme called a protease (Pfizer’s oral protease inhibitor, code-named PF-07321332,) to keep the virus from replicating. >>

<< In lab tests, it worked against many coronaviruses, including the original SARS virus and MERS. Additionally, the coronavirus protease doesn’t mutate much, which means the therapy is likely to work equally well against numerous variant strains, >>
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<< This is really a potential game changer, >>️  Mikael Dolsten️

Robert Langreth. Pfizer Begins Human Trials of New Pill to Treat Coronavirus. 
Mar 23, 2021 17:38 CET. 


Christie Aschwanden. Five reasons why COVID herd immunity is probably impossible. Nature 591, 520-522. doi: 10.1038/ d41586-021-00728-2. Mar 18, 2021. 


Angela L. Rasmussen, Saskia V. Popescu. SARS-CoV-2 transmission without symptoms.  Science, 2021; 371 (6535): 1206-1207 doi: 10.1126/ science.abf9569   


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keyword 'virus' in FonT: 


keyword 'virus' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry):



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lunedì 22 marzo 2021

# gst: weird nature: the generation of complex (frilly, flexible, and functional) wrinkling patterns by 'defects'

<< A ubiquitous motif in nature is the self-similar hierarchical buckling of a thin lamina near its margins. This is seen in leaves, flowers, fungi, corals and marine invertebrates. We investigate this morphology from the perspective of non-Euclidean plate theory. We identify a novel type of defect, a branch-point of the normal map, that allows for the generation of such complex wrinkling patterns in thin elastic hyperbolic surfaces, even in the absence of stretching. We argue that branch points are the natural defects in hyperbolic sheets, they carry a topological charge which gives them a degree of robustness, and they can influence the overall morphology of a hyperbolic surface without concentrating elastic energy. >>️

Kenneth K. Yamamoto, Toby L. Shearman, et al. Nature's forms are frilly, flexible, and functional. arXiv: 2103.10509v1. Mar 18, 2021.


Also

keyword 'error' | 'fuzzy' | 'noise'  in FonT 




keywords 'errore' | 'errori' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)







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sabato 20 marzo 2021

# gst: apropos of transitions among granular entities, the behavior of silicone-coated sand mixtures (the 'magic sand')

<< Sand is a fascinating material. It can flow and be poured like a liquid, but retains many of the properties of solids, clogging pipes or forming sand dunes. (..) Grains interact via simple, Newtonian mechanics, but because so many particles are interacting at once, there is an emergent complexity of flow behavior that cannot yet be explained by simple equations. Scientists are thus not only looking for better theoretical models to explain granular behavior, but convenient "model systems" that can be handled and tuned in the lab to give insights into how the microscopic structure of granular materials gives rise to their macroscopic properties. >>️️

<< A team (..) has studied the properties of mixtures of silicone-coated "magic sand," a popular kids' toy, and normal sand. Silicone-coated sand particles were found to interact only with each other and not with other sand particles. The team discovered that adding silicone-coated sand beyond a certain threshold leads to an abrupt change in clustering and rigidity, a potential way to tune the flow of granular materials for industry.>>️

<< Using three independent methods involving sieving, measuring density and forming stable mounds of sand, they found that the mechanical properties of the mixture changes drastically when the fraction of magic sand to normal sand exceeds 20%. This agreed with findings from percolation theory, which governs how connections between particles span space without any breakages, letting the sand mixture behave in a significantly more solid-like way and bear its own weight. This behavior is known for polymer gels, and helps unify theoretical approaches applied to completely different materials. The team's mixtures also exhibits mechanical properties that can be easily modified. Importantly, the method provides a new, convenient, accurate and informative way to explore granular physics, >>️
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'Magic sand' might help us understand the physics of granular matter. Tokyo Metropolitan University. Mar 08, 2021.

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Marie Tani, Honoka Fujio, Rei Kurita. Transition Behavior in Silicone-coated Sand Mixtures. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 90 (3): 033801. doi: 10.7566/ JPSJ.90.033801.


Also

keyword 'grain' in FonT

keyword 'sand' in FonT

keyword 'sand' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

keyword 'sabbia' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

keyword 'grani' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)



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mercoledì 17 marzo 2021

# phys: trace the birth and evolution of a quasiparticle entity

<< The idea of quasiparticles was first introduced in the 1930s by physicist Lev Landau, who was trying to gain a better understanding of complex quantum systems. >>

<< Over the past decades, physicists worldwide have been trying to gain a better understanding of non-equilibrium dynamics in quantum many-body systems. Some studies investigated what are known as quasiparticles, disturbances or entities in physical systems that exhibit behavior similar to that of particles. >>

In this study AA << observed three distinct regimes of impurity evolution marked by dynamic transitions. These regimes then link initial few-body and later many-body physical dynamics. >>

Ingrid Fadelli. Observing the birth of a quasiparticle. Mar 11, 2021.


<<  These results offer a systematic picture of polaron formation from weak to strong impurity interactions. They reveal three distinct regimes of evolution with dynamical transitions that provide a link between few-body processes and many-body dynamics. Our measurements reveal universal dynamical behaviour in interacting many-body systems and demonstrate new pathways to study non-equilibrium quantum phenomena. >>

Magnus G. Skou, Thomas G. Skov, et al. Non-equilibrium quantum dynamics and formation of the Bose polaron. 
Nat. Phys. (2021). doi: 10.1038/ s41567-021-01184-5. Feb 25, 2021.


"three distinct regimes"  




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lunedì 15 marzo 2021

# gst: an atomic imaging of a (slow) crack

AA << successfully imaged the snapping of individual atomic bonds in a one-atom-thick sheet of rhenium disulfide ( ReS2) using scanning transmission electron microscopy. (STEM) >>

<< Because of its unusual chemistry, Re forms a 2D lattice with "lanes" that guide cracks, allowing the cracks to propagate with ease. The heavy element also efficiently deflects electrons, providing the signal needed to gain clear images. The study is a remarkable example of how a specific material can provide insight into the universal behavior of matter. >>

<< Because of its strong scattering, ReS2 provides an ideal target for STEM. (Interestingly, tungsten, the periodic-table neighbor of Re, has just one fewer proton and is routinely used in electron microscopy to stain viruses and bacterial flagella.)  >>

<< By measuring the deformation of the lattice around the crack, the team showed that the tearing stresses were concentrated around the crack tip. The stresses then decayed as the inverse square root of the distance from the tip, a finding that matches predictions for macroscopic materials. Using these measurements, the team defined a stress intensity threshold for cracks to propagate. >>

<< The images taken by Huang and colleagues used seconds-long exposure times, meaning they could only follow the propagation of the slowest crack (those that moved at a few angstroms per second). There is much interest in how faster cracks behave, as these cracks are subject to instabilities, meaning they can deviate from a straight line or form branches, for example. To observe faster cracks, future experiments could use reduced exposure times. >>

Itamar Kolvin. Atomic Imaging of Cracks. Physics 13, 193. Dec 9, 2020. 


Lingli Huang, Fangyuan Zheng, et al. In Situ Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Observations of Fracture at the Atomic Scale. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 246102. Dec 9, 2020.


Also

(+)  the intriguing dynamics of a crack. Nov 7, 2017. 


(+) multiple cracks, simultaneously ... Oct 23, 2016.


(+) onda criptica. May 22, 2005 (quasi-stochastic poetry)


(+) keyword "fracture" in FonT







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