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sabato 29 maggio 2021

# ai.bot: from stochastic parrot to quasi-stochastic speaking (mimetic) entity, the next steps of LLMs AI phrasing algorithms ... Are you ready?

<< Soon enough, all of our digital interactions—when we email, search, or post on social media—will be filtered through LLMs. (i.e. large language model (LLM)—a deep-learning algorithm trained on enormous amounts of text data) >>️

 << it’s the gap between what LLMs are and what they aspire to be that has concerned a growing number of researchers. LLMs are effectively the world’s most powerful autocomplete technologies. By ingesting millions of sentences, paragraphs, and even samples of dialogue, they learn the statistical patterns that govern how each of these elements should be assembled in a sensible order. This means LLMs can enhance certain activities: for example, they are good for creating more interactive and conversationally fluid chatbots that follow a well-established script. But they do not actually understand what they’re reading or saying. >>

<< We can’t really stop this craziness around large language models, where everybody wants to train them, (..) But what we can do is try to nudge this in a direction that is in the end more beneficial. >> Thomas Wolf.️

<< "Language technology can be very, very useful when it is appropriately scoped and situated and framed," (Emily Bender) (..) But the general-purpose nature of LLMs—and the persuasiveness of their mimicry—entices companies to use them in areas they aren’t necessarily equipped for. >> ️

Karen Hao. The race to understand the exhilarating, dangerous world of language AI. Tech Rev. May 20, 2021. 


"Stochastic parrots" (by Timnit Gebru) in: 


Also

Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry) 




mercoledì 26 maggio 2021

# life: apropos of transitions (in visual perceptions), 'when the reasoning mind melts away, only shapes remain'.

<< Those who drink the hallucinogenic ayahuasca report seeing two-dimensional patterns or throbbing, three-dimensional hexahedral cells. When the reasoning mind melts away, only shapes remain. >>

<< Geometry gives us a world unclad. "Euclid alone has looked on Beauty bare," wrote Edna St. Vincent Millay. That feeling of mystical revelation — of a shimmering, underlying order that we can apprehend if we purify our perception — might explain the mutual affinity between poets and geometers.  (..) Many of the mathematicians cited in Ellenberg’s book (Jordan Ellenberg,  'Shape' ) wrote verse. >>

<< “I prove a theorem,” the poet Rita Dove wrote, “and the house expands.” >>️
Parul Sehgal. ‘Shape’ Makes Geometry Entertaining. Really, It Does. NYT. May 20, 2021.


Jordan Ellenberg. Shape. The Hidden Geometry of Information, Biology, Strategy, Democracy, and Everything Else. 463 pages. Penguin Press.


Also

keyword 'ayahuasca'  | 'magic string' in FonT



keyword 'transition' in FonT


keyword 'transition' | 'transizion*' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)







lunedì 24 maggio 2021

# acad: oops! published papers in top psychology, economics, and science journals that fail to replicate are cited more than those that replicate.

<< Papers in leading psychology, economic and science journals that fail to replicate and therefore are less likely to be true are often the most cited papers in academic research, >>

The study << explores the ongoing "replication crisis" in which researchers have discovered that many findings in the fields of social sciences and medicine don't hold up when other researchers try to repeat the experiments. The paper reveals that findings from studies that cannot be verified when the experiments are repeated have a bigger influence over time. The unreliable research tends to be cited as if the results were true long after the publication failed to replicate. >>

<< We also know that experts can predict well which papers will be replicated, (..) Given this prediction, we ask 'why are non-replicable papers accepted for publication in the first place?' >> Marta Serra-Garcia.

<< Their possible answer is that review teams of academic journals face a trade-off. When the results are more "interesting," they apply lower standards regarding their reproducibility. >>

<< Interesting or appealing findings are also covered more by media or shared on platforms like Twitter, generating a lot of attention, but that does not make them true, >> Uri Gneezy.️

A new replication crisis: Research that is less likely to be true is cited more. 
University of California - San Diego. May 21, 2021. 


<< Only 12% of postreplication citations of nonreplicable findings acknowledge the replication failure. >>
Marta Serra-Garcia, Uri Gneezy. Nonreplicable publications are cited more than replicable ones. Science Advances. Vol. 7, no. 21, eabd1705
doi: 10.1126/ sciadv.abd1705. May 21,  2021.


Also

keyword 'oops' in FonT






sabato 22 maggio 2021

# brain: a broad range of decision-making abilities, the 'decision acuity'

<< A common factor called "decision acuity" underpins diverse decision-making abilities in adolescents and young adults, (..) is stable over time, distinct from IQ, and reduced in individuals with low general social functioning. >>️

<< decision acuity predicted patterns of correlated activity among opercular cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and somatosensory and motor areas -- brain regions previously linked to decision-making.  >>️

Independent of IQ, 'decision acuity' predicts broad range of decision-making abilities. Cell Press. May 20, 2021.


<< Decision acuity was decreased in those with aberrant thinking and low general social functioning. Crucially, decision acuity and IQ had dissociable brain signatures, in terms of their associated neural networks of resting-state functional connectivity. >>

Michael Moutoussis, Benjamín Garzón, et al. Decision-making ability,  psychopathology, and brain connectivity. Neuron. doi: 10.1016/ j.neuron.2021.04.019. May 20, 2021.

Also

keyword 'decision-making' in PubMed:





mercoledì 19 maggio 2021

# gst: a scenario in which System Theory meets Poetry, bird's-eye vistas into a primitive chaos

<< The notion of primitive chaos was proposed [J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 79, 15002 (2010)] as a notion closely related to the fundamental problems of physics itself such as determinism, causality, free will, predictability, and irreversibility. In this letter, (AA) introduce the notion of bird's-eye view into the primitive chaos, and (they) find a new hierarchic structure of the primitive chaos. This means that if we find a chaos in a real phenomenon or a computer simulation, behind it, we can clearly realize the possibility of tremendous varieties of chaos in the hierarchic structure unless we can see them visually. >>

<< This fact provides a totally new method of viewing our world. >>️️

Yoshihito Ogasawara. Bird's-Eye View of Primitive Chaos. arXiv:2105.04796v2 [nlin.CD]. May 17, 2021. 


Also

Ludwig von Bertalanffy  (gst)  


keyword 'caos' | 'caotico' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)




lunedì 17 maggio 2021

# gst: modeling complex nanofibril-based (cell) walls to meet diverse (bio-physical) constraints.

<< A plant cell wall's unique ability to expand without weakening or breaking -- a quality required for plant growth -- is due to the movement of its cellulose skeleton >>️

<< The new model, (..) reveals that chains of cellulose bundle together within the cell wall, providing strength, and slide against each other when the cell is stretched, providing extensibility. >>

<< The new study, (..) presents a new concept of the plant cell wall, gives insights into plant cell growth, and could provide inspiration for the design of polymeric materials with new properties. >>

<< For a long time, the prevailing concept of a plant cell wall has been that of a gel that is reinforced by cellulose fibers, with the stiff cellulose rods acting like steel rebar in cement, (..) However, we determined that cellulose chains instead stick to each other to form a network of cellulose bundles, which provides a lot more mechanical strength than disconnected rods floating in a gel. And it's the cellulose chains, rather than other components, that limit cell wall expansion, sliding alongside each other like an extension ladder when the cell is stretched. >> Daniel Cosgrove. ️
What makes plant cell walls both strong and extensible? Penn State. May 13, 2021. 


Yao Zhang, Jingyi Yu, et al. Molecular insights into the complex mechanics of plant epidermal cell walls. Science. 
Vol. 372, Issue 6543, pp. 706-711
doi: 10.1126/ science.abf2824. May 14,  2021. 




sabato 15 maggio 2021

# behav: apropos of the uncertainty about the 'Zona Incerta', a thresholding mechanism involved in curiosity and novelty-seeking behavior

<< Motivational drives are internal states that can be different even in similar interactions with external stimuli. Curiosity as the motivational drive for novelty-seeking and investigating the surrounding environment is for survival as essential and intrinsic as hunger. Curiosity, hunger, and appetitive aggression drive three different goal-directed behaviors—novelty seeking, food eating, and hunting >>️

<< Optogenetic activation of inhibitory neurons in medial ZI (ZIm) [medial Zona Incerta in mouse, freedom to choose what it wants], ZImGAD2 neurons, showed a dramatic increase in positive arousal level, depth of investigation, and duration of interaction with conspecifics and novel objects compared with familiar objects, crickets, and food. Optogenetic or chemogenetic deactivation of these neurons decreased depth and duration of investigation. Moreover, [AA] found that ZImGAD2 neurons are more active during deep investigation as compared with during shallow investigation. >>

<< [They] found that activation of prelimbic cortex (PL) axons into ZIm increases arousal level, and chemogenetic deactivation of these axons decreases the duration and depth of investigation. >>

<< Optogenetic activation of ZImGAD2 axons into lateral periaqueductal gray (lPAG) increases the arousal level, whereas chemogenetic deactivation of these axons decreases duration and depth of investigation. Calcium fiber photometry of these axons showed high activity during deep investigation and no significant activity during shallow investigation, suggesting a thresholding mechanism. >>️

<< Last, [AA] found a new subpopulation of inhibitory neurons in ZIm expressing tachykinin 1 (TAC1) that monosynaptically receive PL inputs and project to lPAG. Optogenetic activation and deactivation of these neurons, respectively, increased and decreased depth and duration of investigation. >>️️

Ahmadlou, Janou H. W. Houba, et al. A cell type–specific cortico-subcortical brain circuit for investigatory and novelty-seeking behavior. Science . Vol. 372, Issue 6543, eabe9681. doi: 10.1126/ science.abe9681. May 14, 2021. 


Brain mechanism of curiosity unraveled. Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience - KNAW.  May 13, 2021.