# brain: a body-brain circuit regulates the body's inflammatory responses

<< The body-brain axis is emerging as a principal conductor of organismal physiology. It senses and controls organ function, metabolism and nutritional state. >>

Here AA << show that a peripheral immune insult powerfully activates the body-brain axis to regulate immune responses. (They) demonstrate that pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines communicate with distinct populations of vagal neurons to inform the brain of an emerging inflammatory response. In turn, the brain tightly modulates the course of the peripheral immune response. >>

<< Genetic silencing of this body-to-brain circuit produced unregulated and out-of-control inflammatory responses. By contrast, activating, rather than silencing, this circuit affords exceptional neural control of immune responses. >>️

Jin, H., Li, M., Jeong, E. et al. A body–brain circuit that regulates body inflammatory responses. Nature. May 1, 2024. 

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07469-y

Also: brain, pnei, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: brain, pnei

# brain: arterial pressure pulsations could modulate neuronal activity.

<< Spontaneous slow oscillations have been described in the rat olfactory bulb local field potential, even in the absence of respiration. What is the origin of these oscillations? >>

AA << discovered a subpopulation of neurons within the olfactory bulb that can directly sense cardiovascular pressure pulsations (..). The modulation of their excitability is transduced by mechanosensitive ion channels. >>

<< Thus, there exists a fast pathway for the interoception of heartbeat whereby arterial pressure pulsations within the brain modulate neuronal activity. >> Peter Stern. ️

Luna Jammal Salameh, Sebastian H. Bitzenhofer, et al. Blood pressure pulsations modulate central neuronal activity via mechanosensitive ion channels. Science. Vol 383, Issue 6682. Feb 2, 2024. 

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk8511

img: https://www.science.org/cms/10.1126/science.adk8511/asset/76a1eaf8-61d3-4233-bc2a-be2276f367cd/assets/images/large/science.adk8511-fa.jpg

Also: brain, pnei, soliton, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html  

Keywords: brain, pnei, olfactory bulb, spontaneous slow oscillations, wave, soliton

# behav: cry / not cry, babe ... POMC neurons modulate the crying behavior of pups (among mice)

<< Infants cry when separated from their mothers. Here, (AA) show that POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus—via ß-endorphin production and signaling—modulate the crying behavior of mouse pups. The effect of POMC neurons on vocal behavior depends on the expression of µ-opioid receptors, the main receptor for ß-endorphin. Thus, POMC neurons in the hypothalamus modulate infant cry through opioid signaling. >>️

Gabriela M. Bosque Ortiz, Marcelo O. Dietrich. POMC neurons modulate infant vocalizations through opioid signaling. bioRxiv 2022.08.15.504046. 

doi: 10.1101/ 2022.08.15.504046. Aug 15, 2022. 

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.504046v1

Also

keywords 'behav' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=behav

keyword 'pnei' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=pnei

keyword 'pnei' in Notes 

(quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=pnei

Keywords: behav, brain, pnei, opioid signaling

# pnei: brain motor and fear circuits regulate leukocytes during acute stress

<< The nervous and immune systems are intricately linked. Although psychological stress is known to modulate immune function, mechanistic pathways linking stress networks in the brain to peripheral leukocytes remain poorly understood. Here, (AA) show that distinct brain regions shape leukocyte distribution and function throughout the body during acute stress in mice. >>️

Poller, W.C., Downey, J., et al. Brain motor and fear circuits regulate leukocytes during acute stress. Nature. doi: 10.1038/ s41586-022-04890-z. May 30, 2022. 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04890-z

PNEI: Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine-Immunology  

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=pnei

Also

Inchingolo G. Percezione dello stato di salute e leucociti in anziani ultraottantenni.   Atti 36 Congresso Nazionale Società Italiana di Gerontologia e Geriatria, Palermo, 7-10 Novembre 1991.   Giornale di Gerontologia 1991; XXXIX(11): 753.

https://sites.google.com/site/inkgmr2/papers

keyword 'pnei' | in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=pnei

keyword 'pnei' | in Notes 

 (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=pnei

Keywords: pnei, neuroimmunology, leukocytes, fear, stress, virus, viral infection, adaptation, adaptive immunity 

# pnei: pulsatile testosterone to drive pulsatile decision making during trading

<< Testosterone (..) has been shown to affect economic decision making and is taken as a performance enhancer among some financial professionals >>

Amos Nadler, Peiran Jiao, et al. The Bull of Wall Street: Experimental Analysis of Testosterone and Asset Trading. Management Science.
doi: 10.1287/mnsc.2017.2836  Sep 25, 2017.

http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2836

Raging Bull: First study to find link between testosterone and stock market instability. Oct 10, 2017

https://m.phys.org/news/2017-10-raging-bull-link-testosterone-stock.html

# s-pnei: brain-like activities; syntesis and release of dopamine by T-cells

<< a proportion of human TFH  [follicular helper T] cells contain dense-core granules marked by chromogranin B, which are normally found in neuronal presynaptic terminals storing catecholamines such as dopamine.  TFH cells produce high amounts of dopamine and release it upon cognate interaction with B cells >>

<< faster dopamine-induced T–B-cell interactions increase total germinal centre output and accelerate it by days >>

Ilenia Papa, David Saliba, et al. TFH-derived dopamine accelerates productive synapses in germinal centres. Nature 547, 318–323 (July 20, 2017) doi: 10.1038/nature23013

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature23013.html

Kate Prestt. Discovery of brain-like activity in immune system promises better disease treatments. July 13, 2017

http://www.anu.edu.au/news/all-news/discovery-of-brain-like-activity-in-immune-system-promises-better-disease-treatments

# s-pnei: how social status alters immune function in macaques

<< Americans differ in life expectancy by more than a decade. Glaring health inequalities across the socioeconomic spectrum are often attributed to access to medical care and differences in habits such as smoking, exercise and diet. But a new study in rhesus monkeys shows that the chronic stress of life at the bottom can alter the immune system even in the absence of other risk factors. The research confirms previous animal studies suggesting that social status affects the way genes turn on and off within immune cells >>

Upward mobility boosts immunity in monkeys. Nov. 24, 2016

http://m.phys.org/news/2016-11-upward-mobility-boosts-immunity-monkeys.html

AA << combined genomics with a social status manipulation in female rhesus macaques to investigate how status alters immune function >>

AA << identify specific transcription factor signaling pathways that explain these differences, including low-status–associated polarization of the Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway toward a proinflammatory response >>

Noah Snyder-Mackler, Joaquin Sanz et al. Social status alters immune regulation and response to infection in macaques. Science  25 Nov 2016: Vol. 354, Issue 6315, pp. 1041-1045 DOI: 10.1126/science.aah3580

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/354/6315/1041

# p-usa: POTUS race: immediatly, they introduced a placebo within: the "Melania Effect" ...

<< “As adults, many of us are able to handle mean words, even lies,” she [Melania Trump] said in a speech aimed at winning over more female voters. “They hurt when they are made fun of or made to feel less in looks or intelligence. We have to find a better way to talk to each other, to disagree with each other, to respect each other.” >>

Mary Jordan. Very different Trump speech: A call by Melania for no more ‘mean words’. POST. Nov. 3, 2016

https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/seeking-to-woo-women-voters-melania-trump-sounds-like-the-un-donald-trump/2016/11/03/abcd74b8-a1d9-11e6-8d63-3e0a660f1f04_story.html

also:

# s-pnei: placebo: increase in placebo perceptions (only in the US). 17 dicembre 2015

http://flashontrack.blogspot.it/2015/12/s-pnei-placebo-increase-in-placebo.html

more:

Marla Paul. Placebo sweet spot for pain relief identified in brain. October  27,  2016

https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2016/10/placebo-sweet-spot-for-pain-relief-identified-in-brain/

Pascal Tetreault, Ali Mansour, et al. Brain Connectivity Predicts Placebo Response across Chronic Pain Clinical Trials. PLOS Biology, 2016; 14 (10): e1002570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002570

http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002570

# s-behav: immune system may affect social behavior

<< In a discovery that raises fundamental questions about human behavior, researchers at the University of Virginia School of Medicine have found that the immune system directly affects — and even controls — our social behavior, such as our desire to interact with others. >>

Why your immune system may control your social behavior. July 15, 2016.

http://www.kurzweilai.net/why-your-immune-system-may-control-your-social-behavior

<< (..) recent findings implicate meningeal immunity influencing behaviour, such as spatial learning and memory. Here we show that meningeal immunity is also critical for social behaviour; mice deficient in adaptive immunity exhibit social deficits and hyper-connectivity of fronto-cortical brain regions. >>

Anthony  J.  Filiano,  Yang  Xu, et al. Unexpected  role  of  interferon-γ  in  regulating neuronal  connectivity  and  social  behaviour.  Nature (2016) doi:10.1038/nature18626. Published  online  13  July  2016.

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature18626.html

FonT: quasi 3 decine di anni fa lessi che, in qualsivoglia importante accademia biomedica, anche in quelle di serie A super per intendersi, a presentare programmi di ricerca che potevano ricondurre in qualche modo alla PNEI ci si giocava la carriera ... sara' vero?

PNEI: psychoneuroendocrine immunology

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=psychoneuroendocrine+immunology

# s-pnei: placebo, a question mark

<< "It's just the placebo effect." But what exactly is the placebo effect? And what is its relationship to all forms of healing, not only complementary therapies but Western medicine as well? >>
Marjorie Woollacott, The Placebo Effect: Harnessing the Healing Power of the Mind
Posted: 12/04/2015 5:10 pm EST Updated: 12/04/2015 5:59 pm EST

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marjorie-woollacott/the-placebo-effect-harnessing-the-healing-power-of-the-mind_b_8257964.html

# s-pnei: placebo: increase in placebo perceptions (only in the US)

<< (..) analysis of clinical trials conducted since 1990 found that the increase in placebo responses occurred only in trials conducted wholly in the US; trials conducted in Europe or Asia showed no changes in placebo responses over that period >>

http://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/channels/news/american-placebo-255973

Alexander H. Tuttle, Sarasa Tohyama, et al. Increasing placebo responses over time in U.S. clinical trials of neuropathic pain. PAIN, 2015; 1 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000333

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26307858

# s-pnei: placebo: persistence of conditioned placebo analgesia

<< (..) placebo effect still works even if research participants know the treatment they are receiving to ease pain has no medical value whatsoever >>

http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2015/07/21/know-its-placebo-medicine-could-still-work

Scott M. Schafer, Luana Colloca, Tor D. Wager. Conditioned Placebo Analgesia Persists When Subjects Know They Are Receiving a Placebo. The Journal of Pain, 2015; 16 (5): 412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.12.008

http://www.jpain.org/article/S1526-5900%2815%2900033-4/abstract