# astro: going beyond a performance by Frank Zappa (or a speech by – for example – a political entity), two speeds of sound found on Mars

AA << find that atmospheric sounds extend measurements of pressure variations down to 1,000 times smaller scales than ever observed before, revealing a dissipative regime extending over 5 orders of magnitude in energy. Using point sources of sound (Ingenuity rotorcraft, laser-induced sparks), (AA) highlight two distinct values for the speed of sound that are ~10 m/s apart below and above 240 Hz, a unique characteristic of low-pressure CO2-dominated atmosphere. (They) also provide the acoustic attenuation with distance above 2 kHz, allowing to elucidate the large contribution of the CO2 vibrational relaxation in the audible range. >>

Maurice, S., Chide, B., Murdoch, N. et al. In situ recording of Mars soundscape. Nature. doi: 10.1038/ s41586-022-04679-0. Apr 1, 2022. 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04679-0

<< All of these factors would make it difficult for two people to have a conversation only five meters (16 feet) apart >> Sylvestre Maurice.

Juliette Collen and Daniel Lawler. First audio recorded on Mars reveals two speeds of sound. Phys.org. Apr 1, 2022. 

https://phys.org/news/2022-04-audio-mars-reveals.html

NASA Perseverance Rover Captures 

Puff, Whir, Zap Sounds from Mars 

https://youtu.be/lX5iVyfF3N0

Also

Frank Zappa 

https://www.zappa.com/

image from  

https://www.zappa.com/sites/g/files/aaj776/f/styles/suzuki_breakpoints_image_tablet_16x9/public/news/202104/Zappa88-Home-banner-03.jpg

keywords: astro, mars, acoustics, sound, speed of sound, dissipative regimes, music, jazz, freejazz

# brain: the sense of hearing, the sense of silence.

<< Do we only hear sounds? Or can we also hear silence? These questions are the subject of a centuries-old philosophical debate between two camps: the perceptual view (we literally hear silence), and the cognitive view (we only judge or infer silence). >>

<< In all cases (concerning seven experiments), silences elicited temporal distortions perfectly analogous to their sound-based counterparts, suggesting that auditory processing treats moments of silence the way it treats sounds. Silence is truly perceived, not merely inferred. >>️

️

Rui Zhe Goh, Ian B. Phillips, Chaz Firestone. The perception of silence. 

PNAS. 120 (29) e2301463120. Jul 10, 2023. 

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2301463120

Roberto Molar Candanosa. The sound of silence? Researchers prove we can  hear it. Johns Hopkins University - HUB. Jul 11, 2023. 

https://hub.jhu.edu/2023/07/11/can-we-hear-silence 

Researchers Prove We Hear the 

Sound of Silence. Jul 10, 2023. 

https://youtu.be/nCRosndUfMc

Also: silence, pause, sound, noise, perception, brain, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords:  brain, perception, sound, noise, pause, silence

# gst: controlling particles with sound waves

<< Contactless manipulation of particles and cells using sound radiation forces that can be tuned and adjusted in real time has become important in various applications  (display tech, biomed sensors, imaging devices, diagnostic tools) >>

AA << use phononic crystals to tune sound fields in a microfluidic channel for controllable manipulation of microparticles and cells. An arbitrary stop-and-go motion of particles and cells along a predefined path in the channel is experimentally demonstrated. >>

Fei Li, Feiyan Cai, et al.  Phononic-Crystal-Enabled Dynamic Manipulation of Microparticles and Cells in an Acoustofluidic Channel.  Phys. Rev. Applied 13, 044077. Apr 30, 2020.

https://journals.aps.org/prapplied/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.13.044077

Controlling Particle Movements with Sound Waves. Physics 13, s58. Apr 30, 2020.

https://physics.aps.org/articles/v13/s58

# gst: apropos of discomfort tolerances, maximize a sweet spot (of a sound zone)

AA << considered the sweet spot as the region where the a sound scene is psycho-acoustically close to a desired auditory scene. >>

They << developed a method (SWEET-ReLU algorithm) that generates a sound scene that maximizes this sweet spot while guaranteeing no discomfort over a spatial region of interest. (..) the sweet spot and the discomfort tolerance can be modeled within a flexible monaural psycho-acoustic framework. >>

Pedro Izquierdo Lehmann, Rodrigo F. Cadiz, Carlos A. Sing Long. Maximizing the Psycho-Acoustic Sweet Spot. arXiv: 2201.01461v1 [eess.AS]. Jan 5, 2022.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.01461

Keywords: sound, psycho-acoustics, discomfort tolerance

# gst: self-assembly of chemistry with music

<< audible sound can control chemical reactions in solution by continuously supplying energy sources into the interface between air and the solution.  The sound-controlled air-liquid chemical interactions 'painted' intriguing and aesthetic patterns on the surface and bulk of the solution.>>

<< The Pied Piper of Hamelin tells the mythological story of a pied piper who lured rats away from the city of Hamelin by enchanting them with the music from his magical pipe. With music working like a fuel for such artistic control in chemistry, our study has shown that even synthetic molecules can exhibit life-like behavior—listening and following a musical track, >> Rahul Dev Mukhopadhyay. 

Seeing chemical reactions with music. Institute for Basic Science. Aug 10, 2020.

https://phys.org/news/2020-08-chemical-reactions-music.html

<< the patterns obtained from artificially designed out-of-equilibrium chemical oscillating networks (such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction for example) are unpredictable and difficult to control spatiotemporally, albeit reproducible over subsequent cycles. Here, (AA) show that it is possible to generate reproducible spatiotemporal patterns in out-of-equilibrium chemical reactions and self-assembling systems in water in the presence of sound waves, which act as a guiding physical stimulus. >>

Hwang, I., Mukhopadhyay, R.D., Dhasaiyan, P. et al. Audible sound-controlled spatiotemporal patterns in out-of-equilibrium systems. Nat. Chem. 12, 808–813 (2020). doi: 10.1038/ s41557-020-0516-2. Aug 10, 2020.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41557-020-0516-2    

# brain: your brain needs to process quickly whether the sound is coming from, say, a bear or a chipmunk ...

<< When you are out in the woods and hear a cracking sound, your brain needs to process quickly whether the sound is coming from, say, a bear or a chipmunk >>

AA << has a new interpretation for an old observation, debunking an established theory in the process >>

Beth Miller. Bear or chipmunk? WashU Engineer finds how brain encodes sounds. Nov 7, 2017.

https://engineering.wustl.edu/news/Pages/Bear-or-chipmunk-WashU-Engineer-finds-how-brain-encodes-sounds.aspx

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/11/171108151851.htm

AA found that << Dense and sparse coding may (..) work together dynamically in order to represent complex, temporally overlapping sensory content >>

Wensheng Sun, Dennis L. Barbour. Rate, not selectivity, determines neuronal population coding accuracy in auditory cortex. PLoS Biol 15(11): e2002459. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2002459 Nov 1, 2017.

http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2002459

# s-behav: mimic the sound of musk hogs to avoid being eaten

<< Bird or beast? A cuckoo seems to have learned how to mimic the sounds made by the pig-like peccaries it lives alongside, perhaps to ward off predators >>

Sandrine Ceurstemont. Cuckoos mimic the sound of musk hogs to avoid being eaten. July 3, 2017.

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2139386-cuckoos-mimic-the-sound-of-musk-hogs-to-avoid-being-eaten/

<< Acoustic communication is particularly important in environments such as dense tropical forests, where the dim light constrains the efficacy of visual signals >>

<< In these environments, complex species interactions could promote the evolution of acoustic signals and result in intriguing patterns of mimicry and convergence >>

AA << demonstrate that the acoustic characteristics of bill clacking in ground-cuckoos are more similar to teeth clacking of peccaries than to bill clacking of the more closely related Geococcyx roadrunner >>

Fabio Raposo do Amaral, Gabriel Macedo, et al. Bluffing in the forest: Neotropical Neomorphus ground-cuckoos and peccaries in a possible case of acoustic mimicry. J Avian Biol doi: 10.1111/jav.01266. June 29, 2017

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jav.01266/full

# s-phys: spontaneous oddities observed in a home-made black hole in sound

AA << observe spontaneous Hawking radiation, stimulated by quantum vacuum fluctuations, emanating from an analogue black hole in an atomic Bose–Einstein condensate. >>

Jeff Steinhauer. Observation of quantum Hawking radiation and its entanglement in an analogue black hole. Nature Physics (2016) doi:10.1038/nphys3863 Published online 15 Aug 2016

http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nphys3863.html

Davide Castelvecchi. Artificial black hole creates its own version of Hawking radiation. Result could be closest thing yet to an observation of the bizarre phenomenon. 15 Aug 2016.

http://www.nature.com/news/artificial-black-hole-creates-its-own-version-of-hawking-radiation-1.20430

Ron  Cowen. One-man  band:  the  solo  physicist  who  models  black holes  in  sound. Working  alone,  Jeff  Steinhauer  has  created  a  sonic  analogue  of  Hawking  radiation.  15  Aug 2016.

http://www.nature.com/news/one-man-band-the-solo-physicist-who-models-black-holes-in-sound-1.20437

# n-lang: masters of breath to play 'click' in Taa sound system

<< With five distinct kinds of clicks, multiple tones and strident vowels — vocalized with a quick choking sound — the Taa language, spoken by a few thousand people in Botswana and Namibia , is believed by most linguists to have the largest sound inventory of any tongue in the world >>

Bryant Rousseau. Which Language Uses the Most Sounds? Click 5 Times for the Answer. Nov. 25, 2016.

http://mobile.nytimes.com/2016/11/25/world/what-in-the-world/click-languages-taa-xoon-xoo-botswana.html

https://youtu.be/xIPrQYtUNaI

# astro: eight new echoing black hole binaries (in Milky Way)

<< Scattered across our Milky Way galaxy are tens of millions of black holes—immensely strong gravitational wells of spacetime, from which infalling matter, and even light, can never escape. Black holes are dark by definition, except on the rare occasions when they feed. As a black hole pulls in gas and dust from an orbiting star, it can give off spectacular bursts of X-ray light that bounce and echo off the inspiraling gas, briefly illuminating a black hole's extreme surroundings. >>

<< In a study appearing (..) in the The Astrophysical Journal, (AA) report (..) eight new echoing black hole binaries in our galaxy. Previously, only two such systems in the Milky Way were known to emit X-ray echoes. >>️

 << Kara (Erin Kara) and her colleagues are using X-ray echoes to map a black hole's vicinity, much the way that bats use sound echoes to navigate their surroundings. (..)  As a side project, Kara is working with MIT education and music scholars, Kyle Keane and Ian Condry, to convert the emission from a typical X-ray echo into audible sound waves. >>️️

Jennifer Chu. Search reveals eight new sources of black hole echoes. MIT.  May 2, 2022. 

https://phys.org/news/2022-05-reveals-sources-black-hole-echoes.html

https://youtu.be/iIeIag2Ji8k

Jingyi Wang, Erin Kara, et al. The NICER "Reverberation Machine": A Systematic Study of Time Lags in Black Hole X-Ray Binaries. ApJ. 930, 18. May 2, 2022. 

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ac6262

Also

keyword 'black hole' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=black+hole

keyword 'waves' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=waves

keyword 'onda' in Notes 

(quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=onda

Keywords: astro, black hole, echoes, waves

# s-gst: vortex knots in wave systems

<< Waves  surround  us  all  the  time:  sound waves in  the  noise  around  us, light  waves enabling  us  to see,  and  according  to  quantum  mechanics,  all  matter  has  a  wave  nature.  Most  of  these  waves, however,  do  not  resemble  the  regular  train  of  waves  at  the  shore  of  the  ocean—the  pattern  is much  more  chaotic.  Most  significantly,  the  whirls  and  eddies  form  lines  in  space  called  vortices. Along  these  lines,  the  wave  intensity  is  zero,  and  natural  wave  fields  -  light,  sound  and  quantum matter  -  are  filled  with  a  dense  tangle  of  these  null  filaments >>

Knots  in  chaotic  waves. July  29,  2016.

http://m.phys.org/news/2016-07-chaotic.html

Alexander J. Taylor & Mark R. Dennis. Vortex knots in tangled quantum eigenfunctions. Nature Communications. Published 29 Jul 2016 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12346 OPEN

http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2016/160729/ncomms12346/full/ncomms12346.html

# gst: when and how a levitating droplet sings (as a pipe)

<< Sprinkle water onto a very hot pan, and you may notice that the droplets evaporate surprisingly slowly. They stick around because of what’s called the Leidenfrost effect—a thin layer of vapor forms between the droplets and the hot surface, insulating them from the heat, and keeping them from boiling off immediately. (..) droplets of water in this Leidenfrost regime emit periodic sounds, or beats.  >>️

<< While emitting sounds, the droplets oscillated as pulsing stars whose points moved radially in and out. (..) this vapor-layer frequency matched the period of the beats, and (AA) therefore concluded that vapor escaping from beneath the droplet was responsible for producing the periodic sounds. >>️

<< the frequency of the sounds made by a droplet depended on the droplet’s size—following the model of an organ pipe, whose tone depends on the velocity of sound and the length of the pipe. This implies that the sound production mechanism in a Leidenfrost droplet is similar to that of a wind instrument. >>

️

Erika K. Carlson. The Sounds of Levitating Water Droplets. Physics 13, s148. Nov 19, 2020.

https://physics.aps.org/articles/v13/s148

Tanu Singla,  Marco Rivera. Sounds of Leidenfrost drops. Phys. Rev. Fluids 5, 113604. doi: 10.1103/ PhysRevFluids.5.113604. Nov 19, 2020.

https://journals.aps.org/prfluids/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.5.113604

img     https://physics.aps.org/assets/73455c27-7d24-443b-a685-de931db74e09/e148_1.png

# gst: the sounds that occur when a soap bubble pops.

<< The popping sound of a bursting soap bubble is acquired using microphone arrays and analyzed using spherical harmonics decomposition. >>

the << acoustic emission originates mainly from the capillary stresses exerted by the liquid soap film on the air and that it quantitatively reflects the out-of-equilibrium evolution of the flowing liquid film. (..) the acoustic signature of violent events of physical or biological origin could be used to measure the forces at play during these events. >>

Adrien Bussonniere, Arnaud Antkowiak, et al. Acoustic Sensing of Forces Driving Fast Capillary Flows. Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 084502 Feb 27, 2020.

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.084502

Bob Yirka. Measuring the sound of a soap bubble popping. Phys.org. Mar 2, 2020.

https://m.phys.org/news/2020-03-soap.html

# s-gst: Shakespeare and Wordsworth' sound patterns of texts

<< Alexander Clark and Thao Tran evaluated sound patterns of texts, with the goal of comparing the sonnets of Shakespeare and Wordsworth. Clark and Tran used the soundex algorithm, a method of converting words into 5 digit "codes." >>

http://www.math.union.edu/~framem/AprilWorkshop/DataIFS/Texts/Clark/Clark.html

<< however close you look, the complexity stays >>

Dilip D'Souza.  Fri, Jan 15 2016. 12 40 AM IST

http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/78slqi9jU44QuvhxPAsJNL/All-your-lifes-a-fractal.html

# behav: a new dead leaf camouflage strategy with orange spots and unexpected preserved resonance (T. spurioculis)

AA << study the wing mechanics and resonances of Typophyllum spurioculis, a new species of leaf-mimic katydid >>

<< This species performs an unusual laterally directed aposematic display, showing orange spots that simulate eyes at the leg base. At night, males are conspicuous by their loud, audible calling songs, which exhibit two spectral peaks at ca. 7 and 12 kHz >>

AA << find the effective sound radiators of the wings (speculae) vibrate with three modes of vibration, two of which include the frequencies observed in the calling song. Remarkably, this resonance is preserved in the parts of the wings mimicking necrotic leaves, which are in theory not specialised for sound production >>

Andrew Baker, Fernando Montealegre-Z, et al. Wing resonances in a new dead-leaf-mimic katydid (Tettigoniidae: Pterochrozinae) from the Andean cloud forests. Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology. 2017; 270: 60-70.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044523117300748

Cerri Evans. New insect species mimics dead leaves for camouflage
Nov 13, 2017

https://m.phys.org/news/2017-11-insect-species-mimics-dead-camouflage.html

# s-behav: the intricate performance (dancing and singing) of a jumping spider

AA << present behavioral and neurophysiological evidence that [Jumping spiders (Salticidae)]  perceive and respond to airborne acoustic stimuli, even when the distance between the animal and the sound source is relatively large (∼3 m) and with stimulus amplitudes at the position of the spider of ∼65 dB sound pressure level (SPL) >>

<< Behavioral experiments with the jumping spider Phidippus audax reveal that these animals respond to low-frequency sounds (80 Hz; 65 dB SPL) by freezing—a common anti-predatory behavior characteristic of an acoustic startle response >>

<< Neurophysiological recordings from auditory-sensitive neural units in the brains of these jumping spiders showed responses to low-frequency tones (80 Hz at ∼65 dB SPL)—recordings that also represent the first record of acoustically responsive neural units in the jumping spider brain.  Responses persisted even when the distances between spider and stimulus source exceeded 3 m and under anechoic conditions. >>

Paul S. Shamble, Gil Menda, et al.
Airborne Acoustic Perception by a Jumping Spider. Current Biology. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.041 Publ. Oct. 13, 2016

http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)30985-X

Jaymi Heimbuch. Jumping spider males dance and sing ... Oct. 4, 2016.

http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/animals/stories/jumping-spider-males-dance-and-sing-yes-sing-woo-their-mates

FonT: sarebbe interessante valutare se e quanto tempo prima la struttura neuroacustica del Phidippus audax sia in grado di percepire e discriminare le basse freq dei movimenti  tellurici profondi che successivamente manifesteranno  macro episodi di superficie (earthquake).

also:

Richard A. Lovett. Scientists Seek Foolproof Signal to Predict Earthquakes. National Geographic News. Jan. 5, 2013

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/01/04-earthquakees-defy-prediction-efforts/

Vanessa Bates Ramirez. Earthquakes Will Be as Predictable as Hurricanes Thanks to AI. Sep 27, 2016

http://singularityhub.com/2016/09/27/earthquakes-will-be-as-predictable-as-hurricanes-thanks-to-ai

# phys: where a drum can vibrate and stand still at the same time ...

<< Mechanical vibrations, such as those that create the sound from a drum, are an important part of our everyday experience. Hitting a drum with a drumstick causes it to rapidly move up and down, producing the sound we hear. In the quantum world, a drum can vibrate and stand still at the same time >>

Hayley Dunning. Can a quantum drum vibrate and stand still at the same time? Imperial College London. May 18, 2018.

https://m.phys.org/news/2018-05-quantum-vibrate.html

<< to control  the motion of  macroscopic mechanical resonators (..) to explore and exploit quantum phenomena at a macroscopic scale >>

Ringbauer M, Weinhold TJ, et al. Generation of mechanical interference fringes by multi-photon counting. New Journal of Physics. 2018; 20. May 18, 2018.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/aabb8d/meta

FonT

ecco una sfida per un percussionista  indiano ...(Dha, Dhin, Ta, Tin, Ti, ...)

# ecol: a live streaming audio from the depths (of the sea)

<< Starting this week, anyone can eavesdrop on sounds in the deep sea via a continuous streaming YouTube video that carries live sound from 900 meters (3,000 feet) below the surface of Monterey Bay >>

Kim Fulton-Bennett. Eavesdropping on the deep-New live streaming audio from a deep-sea hydrophone. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Apr 24, 2018.

https://www.mbari.org/hydrophone-stream-release/

https://m.phys.org/news/2018-04-eavesdropping-deepnew-streaming-audio-deep-sea.html

Live stream from a deep-ocean soundscape.

https://www.mbari.org/deep-sea-sound-recordings-live-stream/

# brain: brain images of silence

<< When imagining music, the musicians' brain activity had the opposite electrical polarity to when they listened to it -- indicating different brain activations -- but the same type of activity as for imagery occurred in silent moments of the songs when people would have expected a note but there wasn't one. >>

<< There is no sensory input during silence and imagined music, so the neural activity we discovered is coming purely from the brain's predictions e.g., the brain's internal model of music. Even though the silent time-intervals do not have an input sound, we found consistent patterns of neural activity in those intervals, indicating that the brain reacts to both notes and silences of music. Ultimately, this underlines that music is more than a sensory experience for the brain as it engages the brain in a continuous attempt of predicting upcoming musical events. Our study has isolated the neural activity produced by that prediction process. And our results suggest that such prediction processes are at the foundation of both music listening and imagery. >> Giovanni Di Liberto. 

The music of silence: Imagining a song triggers similar brain activity to moments of mid-music silence. Trinity College Dublin. Aug 3, 2021. 

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/08/210803105600.htm

Guilhem Marion, Giovanni M. Di Liberto,  Shihab A. Shamma. The Music of Silence. Part I: Responses to Musical Imagery Encode Melodic Expectations and Acoustics. Journal of Neuroscience  JN-RM-0183-21. doi: 10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.0183-21.2021. 2 Aug 2, 2021.

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/early/2021/07/23/JNEUROSCI.0183-21.2021.

Giovanni M. Di Liberto, Guilhem Marion,  Shihab A. Shamma. The music of silence. Part II: Music Listening Induces Imagery Responses. Journal of Neuroscience JN-RM-0184-21. doi: 10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.0184-21.2021. 

Aug 2, 2021.

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/early/2021/07/22/JNEUROSCI.0184-21.2021

Also

2123 - le dislocazioni pausali di Theo. 

(quasi-stochastic poetry). Notes. Feb 26, 2007.

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2007/02/2123-le-dislocazioni-pausali-di-theo.html

A pause (acyclic pauses?)  approach to enhance and manage creativity. Mar 23, 2019.

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2019/03/brain-pause-acyclic-pauses-approach-to.html

We pronounce words more slowly compared with verbs and sometimes pause. May 20, 2018.

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2018/05/lang-we-pronounce-words-more-slowly.html

# s-gst: when a destabilized soliton surprisingly generates a puff of sound waves ...

<< Solitons in the land of ultracold atoms are intriguing (..) because they are as close as you can get to observing the interface between quantum effects and the ordinary physics of everyday life >>

Joint  Quantum  Institute. Destabilized solitons perform a disappearing act. Feb. 27,  2017.

https://m.phys.org/news/2017-02-destabilized-solitons.html

Lauren M. Aycock, Hilary M. Hurst et al. Brownian motion of solitons in a Bose–Einstein condensate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Mar. 4,  2017. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615004114

http://m.pnas.org/content/early/2017/02/13/1615004114