# brain: perception of musical rhythms in mammals

AA << confirmed that beat perception, far from being a unique human trait, is likely strongly conserved in mammals >>

Andrew Masterson. Beat perception more primitive than thought. New research shows gerbils react differently to varying musical rhythms. Nov 9, 2017.

https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/beat-perception-more-primitive-than-thought

Vani G. Rajendran, Nicol S. Harper, et al. Midbrain adaptation may set the stage for the perception of musical beat. Proc. R. Soc. B 2017 284 20171455; DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1455. Nov 8, 2017.

http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/284/1866/20171455

# brain: jazzy perceptions inside, there’s more to all the noise; even in the dark, neurons of the visual cortex chat

<< Scientists are now rethinking how they study and conceive of perception. >>

<< At every moment, neurons whisper, shout, sputter and sing, filling the brain with a dizzying cacophony of voices. Yet many of those voices don’t seem to be saying anything meaningful at all. They register as habitual echoes of noise, not signal; as static, not discourse. >>️

<< But over the past decade, that view has changed. (..) There’s more to all the noise, scientists realized, than they had assumed. >>️

<< Now, by analyzing both the neural activity and the behavior of mice in unprecedented detail, researchers have revealed a surprising explanation for much of that variability: Throughout the brain, even in low-level sensory areas like the visual cortex, neurons encode information about far more than their immediately relevant task. They also babble about whatever other behaviors the animal happens to be engaging in, even trivial ones — the twitch of a whisker, the flick of a hind leg. Those simple gestures aren’t just present in the neural activity. They dominate it. >>️

<< Our brains aren’t just thinking in our heads. Our brains are interacting with our bodies and the way that we move through the world. >> Cris Niell. 

<< Wait — maybe the brain isn’t noisy. Maybe it’s actually much more precise than we thought, >> David McCormick️.️

Jordana Cepelewicz. ‘Noise’ in the Brain Encodes Surprisingly Important Signals. Quantamag. Nov 7, 2019. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/noise-in-the-brains-vision-areas-encodes-body-movements-20191107/

Salkoff DB, Zagha E, McCarthy E, McCormick DA. Movement and Performance Explain Widespread Cortical Activity in a Visual Detection Task. Cereb Cortex. 2020 Jan 10;30(1):421-437. doi: 10.1093/ cercor/bhz206. 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31711133/

Also

keyword 'perception' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=perception

keyword 'percezione' | 'percezioni' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=percezione

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=percezioni

keyword 'error' | 'fuzzy' | 'noise'  in FonT 

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=error

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=fuzzy

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=noise

keywords 'errore' | 'errori' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=errore

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=errori

keyword 'jazz' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=jazz

keyword 'jazz' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry):

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=jazz

Keywords: brain, perception, visual cortex, noise

# brain: related noise in perception, like a type of "groupthink"

<< The findings, (..) offer new insights into the limits of perception and could aid in the design of so-called neuroprosthetics-devices that enable people to regain some lost sensory capabilities. >>

<< because neurons are highly interconnected, when one randomly responds incorrectly and misidentifies an image, it can influence other neurons to make the same mistake. >>

<< You can think of correlated noise like a type of 'groupthink,' in which neurons can act like lemmings, with one heedlessly following another into making a mistake, >> Surya Ganguli

<< Remarkably, the visual system is able to cut through about 90% of this neuronal noise, but the remaining 10% places a limit on how finely we can discern between two images that look very similar. >>

<< With this study, we've helped resolve a puzzle that's been around for over 30 years about what limits mammals-and by extension humans-when it comes to sensory perception, >> Mark Schnitzer

Adam Hadhazy. Misfiring from jittery neurons sets fundamental limit on perception.  Stanford University. Apr 9, 2020.

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-04-misfiring-jittery-neurons-fundamental-limit.html

Rumyantsev OI, Lecoq JA, et al. Fundamental bounds on the fidelity of sensory cortical coding. Nature 580, 100–105 doi:.10.1038/ s41586-020-2130-2. Mar 18, 2020.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2130-2

# brain: to trace transitions from consciousness to unconscious subliminal perception

AA << study the transition in the functional networks that characterize the human brains’ conscious-state to an unconscious subliminal state of perception >>

<< the most inner core (i.e., the most connected kernel) of the conscious-state functional network corresponds to areas which remain functionally active when the brain transitions from the conscious-state to the subliminal-state. That is, the inner core of the conscious network coincides with the subliminal-state. >>

<< This finding imposes constraints to theoretical models of consciousness, in that the location of the core of the functional brain network is in the unconscious part of the brain rather than in the conscious state as previously thought. >>

Francesca Arese Lucini, Gino Del Ferraro, et al. How the Brain Transitions from Conscious to Subliminal Perception. Neuroscience. Volume 411, Jul 15, 2019, Pages 280-290.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306452219302052

<< The k-core of the conscious state is reduced to three active regions of the brain, the fusiform gyrus (left and right) and the precentral gyrus. These regions are the only active in the subliminal state. >>

Physicists use mathematics to trace neuro transitions. City College of New York. Jul 18, 2019.

https://m.medicalxpress.com/news/2019-07-physicists-mathematics-neuro-transitions.html  

# brain: networks that may underlie our perception of free will

<< Our perception of free will is composed of a desire to act (volition) and a sense of responsibility for our actions (agency). >>

AA << study focal brain lesions that disrupt volition, causing akinetic mutism (..), or disrupt agency, causing alien limb syndrome (..), to better localize these processes in the human brain. >>

<< Lesion locations causing akinetic mutism all fell within one network, defined by connectivity to the anterior cingulate cortex. Lesion locations causing alien limb fell within a separate network, defined by connectivity to the precuneus. >>

AA << results demonstrate that lesions in different locations causing disordered volition and agency localize to unique brain networks, lending insight into the neuroanatomical substrate of free will perception. >>

R. Ryan Darby, Juho Joutsa, et al. Lesion network localization of free will. PNAS Oct 1, 2018.  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1814117115  

http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/09/25/1814117115 

Study looks at brain networks involved with free will. Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Oct 1, 2018

https://m.medicalxpress.com/news/2018-10-brain-networks-involved-free.html  

# brain: the sense of hearing, the sense of silence.

<< Do we only hear sounds? Or can we also hear silence? These questions are the subject of a centuries-old philosophical debate between two camps: the perceptual view (we literally hear silence), and the cognitive view (we only judge or infer silence). >>

<< In all cases (concerning seven experiments), silences elicited temporal distortions perfectly analogous to their sound-based counterparts, suggesting that auditory processing treats moments of silence the way it treats sounds. Silence is truly perceived, not merely inferred. >>️

️

Rui Zhe Goh, Ian B. Phillips, Chaz Firestone. The perception of silence. 

PNAS. 120 (29) e2301463120. Jul 10, 2023. 

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2301463120

Roberto Molar Candanosa. The sound of silence? Researchers prove we can  hear it. Johns Hopkins University - HUB. Jul 11, 2023. 

https://hub.jhu.edu/2023/07/11/can-we-hear-silence 

Researchers Prove We Hear the 

Sound of Silence. Jul 10, 2023. 

https://youtu.be/nCRosndUfMc

Also: silence, pause, sound, noise, perception, brain, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords:  brain, perception, sound, noise, pause, silence

# brain: auditory performance also oscillates

AA << demonstrate that, as with vision, both auditory sensitivity and criterion showed strong oscillations over time, at different frequencies: ∼6 Hz (theta range) for sensitivity and ∼8 Hz (low alpha range) for criterion, implying distinct underlying sampling mechanisms. The modulation in sensitivity in left and right ears was in antiphase, suggestive of attention-like mechanisms sampling alternatively from the two ears. >>

Hao Tam Ho, Johahn Leung, et al. Auditory Sensitivity and Decision Criteria Oscillate at Different Frequencies Separately for the Two Ears.  Current Biology. 2017;  27 (23): 3643 -9.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.017. Nov 16, 2017.

http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(17)31320-9

<< perception is cyclical. In a new study, researchers report that, much like visual perception, auditory perception and attention are rhythmic in nature >>

Researchers Discover the Brain is Strobing, Not Constant.

http://neurosciencenews.com/strobing-brain-7970/amp/

# s-brain: what you know, how you see

<< “When  you  become  an  expert  in  reading  an  alphabet,  what  does  that  change?  Does  your  visual  system  see  the  same thing  as  a  beginner?  We  say  no,”  Wiley  said.  “If  you’re  an  expert,  things  that  look  complex  to  a  novice  look  simple  to you.” The  findings  should  apply  not  just  to  letters,  but  to  anything  we  see. “What  we  find  should  hold  true  for  any  sort  of  object  —  cars,  birds,  faces.  Expertise  matters.  It  changes  how  you perceive  things,”  Wiley  said.  “Part  of  being  an  expert  is  learning  what  matters  and  what  doesn’t  matter  —  including visual  features.  You  know  what  to  look  for.” >>

Johns Hopkins University. What You Know Can Affect How You See. Released: 1-Mar-2016 10:05 AM EST

http://www.newswise.com/articles/what-you-know-can-affect-how-you-see

Wiley Robert  W., Wilson Colin,  Rapp Brenda. The  Effects  of  Alphabet  and  Expertise  on  Letter  Perception.  Journal  of  Experimental  Psychology:  Human  Perception  and  Performance,  Feb 25 , 2016,  Database:  PsycARTICLES [  First  Posting  ] http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000213

http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2016-09709-001/

# behav: adaptive synchronizations; the tendency to anticipate during auditory rhythms

<< Dancing and playing music require people to coordinate actions with auditory rhythms. In laboratory perception-action coordination tasks, people are asked to synchronize taps with a metronome. When synchronizing with a metronome, people tend to anticipate stimulus onsets, tapping slightly before the stimulus. The anticipation tendency increases with longer stimulus periods of up to 3500ms, but is less pronounced in trained individuals like musicians compared to non-musicians.  >>

Iran R. Roman, Auriel Washburn, et al.  Delayed feedback embedded in perception-action coordination cycles results in anticipation behavior during synchronized rhythmic action: A dynamical systems approach. PLoS Comput Biol 15(10): e1007371. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007371. Oct 31, 2019.

https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007371

Delayed neural communication may underlie anticipatory behaviors. Public Library of Science. Oct 31, 2019.

https://m.phys.org/news/2019-10-neural-underlie-anticipatory-behaviors.html

# rmx-s-brain: decoding in real time to recognize

<< (..) scientists have decoded brain signals (representing images) at nearly the speed of perception for the first time— enabling the scientists to predict in real time which images of faces and houses the patients were viewing and when, and with better than 95 percent accuracy >>

http://www.kurzweilai.net/scientists-decode-brain-signals-to-recognize-images-in-real-time

<< Here we show that electrical potentials from the ventral temporal cortical surface in humans contain sufficient information for spontaneous and near-instantaneous identification of a subject’s perceptual state >>

Miller KJ, Schalk G, et al. Spontaneous Decoding of the Timing and Content of Human Object Perception from Cortical Surface Recordings Reveals Complementary Information in the Event-Related Potential and Broadband Spectral Change. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12(1): e1004660. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004660

http://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004660

# behav: the self-care hypothesis of the puteketeke bird (great crested grebe, Podiceps cristatus)

<< The Puteketeke bird has been elected as New Zealand's Bird of the Century after John Oliver promoted the bird not just on his show, but around the world. >>

<< It also exhibits some unusual antics, like eating feathers to help it vomit up parasites,  >> AILSA CHANG

️

<< They have a mating dance where they both grab a clump of wet grass and chest bump each other... >> JOHN OLIVER

Kat Lonsdorf, Christopher Intagliata. The Puteketeke bird has been elected as New Zealand's Bird of the Century. npr.org Nov 15, 2023. 

https://www.npr.org/2023/11/15/1213287236/the-puteketeke-bird-has-been-elected-as-new-zealands-bird-of-the-century

L’uccello del secolo della Nuova Zelanda l’ha deciso John Oliver. ilpost.it. Nov 15, 2023. 

https://www.ilpost.it/2023/11/15/john-oliver-uccello-secolo-nuova-zelanda/

the bird: https://youtu.be/98ceB5SPRXI

John Oliver, an interview: https://youtu.be/uVE1hBzHn3s

many thanks to Tammi ( https://www.inkgmr.net/tammi ) for this news. 

Also: Self-perception of health and survival. A 10-year follow-up among Italians aged over sixty. INRCA, Technical Report, Genova, 7 March 1995: 1-19. Minerva Med 1997 Jan-Feb 88:1-2 15-23. [abst] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9093288/

Also: 'behav', 'perception', in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html

Keywords: behaviour, self-care, perceptions

# n-lang: this is not a question of grammatical punctiliousness; time as a container to be filled

<< Shortest versus smallest isn’t actually a question of grammatical punctiliousness. Different languages frame time differently. Swedish and English speakers, for example, tend to think of time in terms of distance—what a long day, we say. Time becomes an expanse one has to traverse. Spanish and Greek speakers, on the other hand, tend to think of time in terms of volume—what a full day, they exclaim. Time becomes a container to be filled >>

Kendra Pierre-Louis. The language you speak changes your perception of time. TIME  IS  RELATIVE. May 9, 2017.

http://www.popsci.com/language-time-perception

<< These results reveal the malleable nature of human time representation as part of a highly adaptive information processing system >>

Bylund  E , Athanasopoulos  P. The Whorfian Time Warp: Representing Duration Through  the Language Hourglass. J  Exp  Psychol  Gen. 2017  Apr  27.  doi:  10.1037/xge0000314.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28447839

# s-brain-behav: the skill to synchronize eye-blinks

<< Magicians  use  several  techniques  to  deceive  their  audiences,  including,  for  example,  the misdirection  of  attention  and  verbal  suggestion.  We  explored  another  potential  stratagem, namely  the  relaxation  of  attention.  Participants  watched  a  video  of  a  highly  skilled  magician whilst  having  their  eye-blinks  recorded.  The  timing  of  spontaneous  eye-blinks  was  highly synchronized  across  participants.  In  addition,  the  synchronized  blinks  frequency  occurred immediately  after  a  seemingly  impossible  feat,  and  often  coincided  with  actions  that  the  magician wanted  to  conceal  from  the  audience.  Given  that  blinking  is  associated  with  the  relaxation  of attention,  these  findings  suggest  that  blinking  plays  an  important  role  in  the  perception  of  magic, and  that  magicians  may  utilize  blinking  and  the  relaxation  of  attention  to  hide  certain  secret actions. >>

Wiseman  RJ,  Nakano  T. Blink  and  you’ll  miss  it:  the  role  of  blinking  in  the perception  of  magic  tricks. PeerJ4:e1873 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1873

https://peerj.com/articles/1873/

# gst: immediate 'shot', the three second time window in art, music, poems and language processing

<< Is there a universal time constant for poetic lines when people read them aloud or recite them by heart? Turner and Pöppel (1988) collected over 20 types of poetry, varying from East to West and from modern societies to indigenous cultures, and found a constant of ~3 s for the duration of poetic lines. >>️

<< This observation indicates a production– perception synchrony of ~3 s, which means that we not only tend to recite poems  (and speech in a more general sense; discussed later) with a 3-s pattern but also appreciate poems aesthetically within the same temporal frame. This temporal preference for a 3-s pattern and not a 1-s or a 10-s pattern, which linguistically would be possible, indicates presumably a profound evolutionary basis. The temporal modulation effect of the 3-s window on aesthetic appreciation may also motivate to look for other concepts and phenomena of the cognitive and neural basis of aesthetic perception in general and in detail, as has been partly already done for decision processes, the visual arts, and music (Avram et al., 2013; Bao et al., 2016; Bao et al., 2017; Park et al., 2014; Park et al., 2015; Pöppel, 1989a). >>

Xinchi Yu, Yan Bao. The three second time window in poems and language processing in general: Complementarity of discrete timing and temporal continuity.  PsyCh Journal. Vol 9, Issue 4 p. 429-443. doi: 10.1002/ pchj.390. Aug 26, 2020. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pchj.390

<< the composer Peter Michael Hamel  (..) decided to compose a string quartet, which he called The Time Frame. This time window (the three second time window), which is an anthropological universal, provides an operative basis for effortless communication, empathic relationships to others, and it is the brain's way to integrate continuity and simultaneity of what is experienced in a complementary mode. >>️

Peter Michael Hamel. Through the self to music: The self as the creative origin for composing in time frames. Psych J. 10(2):249-253. doi: 10.1002/ pchj.446. Apr 12, 2021

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33847070/

Also 

Ramificata tinnula (di carmina fluitantia). Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry). Jun 09, 2005.

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2005/06/1668-ramificata-tinnula-di-carmina.html

Elettrico Charlie (Seven come eleven). 

Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry). Feb 01, 2007. 

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2007/02/2116-elettrico-charlie-seven-come.html

Il pseudomotore di Shostakovich. Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry). Nov 15, 2006. 

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2006/11/2087-il-pseudomotore-di-shostakovich.html 

keyword 'jazz' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=jazz

FonT 

Queste considerazioni di Xinchi Yu e  Yan Bao potrebbero anche indicare una sorta di predisposizione neurofisiologica individuale all' 'immediato Satori' ... 

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satori

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_(awareness)

# s-brain: the sense of rhythm

<< the  sense  of  rhythm  –  also  known  as  the  beat  –  is  so  fundamental to  humans  that  we  recognise  patterns  in  music  even  without  paying  any  attention  or receiving  any  training >>

F.L.  Bouwer. What  Do  We  Need  to  Hear  a  Beat?  The  Influence  of  Attention,  Musical  Abilities,  and Accents  on  the  Perception  of  Metrical  Rhythm.  (Thesis). Wednesday,  8  June  at  11:00. University  of  Amsterdam,   Wednesday  8  June, Aula,  Singel  411, Amsterdam.

http://www.uva.nl/en/news-events/news/uva-news/content/press-releases/2016/05/brain-picks-up-the-beat-of-music-automatically.html

Brain picks up the beat of music automatically. ScienceDaily, May 26, 2016

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/05/160526125017.htm

# s-gene: about music-related creative behaviours

<< This study gives preliminary evidence for the molecular genetic background of creative activities in music >>

<< There is evidence that human music perception and practice share a common genetic background with the vocalization of songbirds >>

<< Pathway analysis of the genes suggestively associated with composing suggested an overrepresentation of the cerebellar long-term depression pathway (LTD), which is a cellular model for synaptic plasticity >>

AA << also propose a common genetic background for music-related creative behaviour and musical abilities at chromosome 4 >>

Oikkonen J., Kuusi T. et al. Creative Activities in Music - A Genome-Wide Linkage Analysis. PLoS One. 2016 Feb 24;11(2):e0148679. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148679. eCollection 2016.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26909693

more:

long-term depression pathway (LTD)

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=long-term+depression+(LTD)

# art: nature as a bizarre artist, the self-sculpted Sphinx.

<< There is evidence that the Great Sphinx was a natural landform before its surface features were chiseled by the ancient Egyptians. Is this controversial theory plausible? >>

AA << carried out experiments on the fluid mechanical erosion of clay. Based on accounts of the nonuniform composition of the Sphinx, we tested the effect of hard inclusions within hillocks of softer clay. The flow of a water tunnel mimics the prevailing winds of Giza, and three-dimensional optical scanning records the history and evolution of the shape as it erodes. >>

<< These results show what ancient peoples may have encountered in the deserts of Egypt and why they envisioned a fantastic creature. >>️

️

Samuel Boury, Scott Weady, Leif Ristroph. Sculpting the Sphinx. Phys. Rev. Fluids 8, 110503. Nov 16, 2023.

https://journals.aps.org/prfluids/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.8.110503

https://gfm.aps.org/meetings/dfd-2022/6323dcaf199e4c2c0873fad7

Also: brain, perception, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: art, sculpt, Sphinx, erosion, fluid mechanical erosion, brain, mind, perceptions.

# s-brain: tracing Charlie ...

<< Do  you  like  surprises?  If  you  don’t,  it  might  be  because  our  nervous  system  works  very  hard  to avoid  being  surprised.  This  often  involves  the  nervous  system  trying  to  predict  or  “model”  its own  future  as  accurately  as  possible.  For  example,  when  we  are  listening  to  a  string  of  sounds that  appears  to  be  unpredictable,  such  as  a  Charlie  Parker-esque  saxophone  solo,  our  brain  will still  try  to  predict  what  the  next  note  will  be >>

Jonas Obleser. Perception:  Tell  me  something  I  don’t  know. DOI:  http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15853 Published  April  19,  2016. eLife  2016;5:e15853

http://elifesciences.org/content/5/e15853v1

https://twitter.com/eLife/status/724269430989983744

# brain: cockroaches, a spatial representation of the olfactory space

AA were able << to show - for the first time - the existence of a spatial representation of the olfactory space in the brain of a cockroach >>

University of Konstanz. Spatial perception of odorants in cockroaches. Feb 19, 2018.

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180219103904.htm

AA << identified 12 types of pheromone-responsive projection neurons (..), each with spatially tuned receptive field >>

Hiroshi Nishino, Masazumi Iwasaki, et al. Spatial Receptive Fields for Odor Localization. Current Biology 2018; 28 (4): 600 - 608.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.055.  Feb 8, 2018.

http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(17)31688-3

# behav: even more devious than previously thought

<< The common cuckoo, notorious for evading parental duty by hiding her eggs in the nests of other brooding birds, is even more devious than previously thought >>

Scientists expose true extent of cuckoo's cunning. Sept 4, 2017

https://m.phys.org/news/2017-09-scientists-expose-true-extent-cuckoo.html

<< Parasites evolve not only to evade host defences but also to manipulate host behaviour >>

AA << test whether a brood parasitic cuckoo manipulates host perception of predation risk using an acoustic signal—a hawk-like call—that might misdirect host defences and thereby reduce the chance that hosts detect parasitism >>

AA << propose that the female cuckoo chuckle call tricks the hosts into responding vigilantly as if they were exposed to danger from a hawk, instead of from a cuckoo. This would divert host attention from clutch protection to self-protection, and so reduce the chance of the hosts detecting that they have been parasitized >>

Jenny E. York, Nicholas B. Davies. Female cuckoo calls misdirect host defences towards the wrong enemy. Nature Ecology & Evolution. Sept 4, 2017 doi: 10.1038/s41559-017-0279-3

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0279-3