# gst: apropos of discomfort tolerances, maximize a sweet spot (of a sound zone)

AA << considered the sweet spot as the region where the a sound scene is psycho-acoustically close to a desired auditory scene. >>

They << developed a method (SWEET-ReLU algorithm) that generates a sound scene that maximizes this sweet spot while guaranteeing no discomfort over a spatial region of interest. (..) the sweet spot and the discomfort tolerance can be modeled within a flexible monaural psycho-acoustic framework. >>

Pedro Izquierdo Lehmann, Rodrigo F. Cadiz, Carlos A. Sing Long. Maximizing the Psycho-Acoustic Sweet Spot. arXiv: 2201.01461v1 [eess.AS]. Jan 5, 2022.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.01461

Keywords: sound, psycho-acoustics, discomfort tolerance

# ecol: mycological jazz

<< "Mycological" draws conceptually from fungal networks in forests and their interactions. Inspired by the work of ecologist Suzanne Simard, author Michael Pollan, and mycologist Paul Stamets; Krolak saw many parallels between biological networks and the social network known as jazz, as well as, the acoustic networks created when musicians interact through their instruments. Aesthetically, the work is of the free and avant-garde traditions of jazz. Drawing inspiration from John Coltrane to Sonny Sharrock to Makaya McCraven, Krolak seeks to create a space for various elements to play out and find their own connections. >>

Mycological By Nicholas Krolak. All About Jazz. Jan 8, 2022. 

https://www.allaboutjazz.com/media/track-mycological-by-nicholas-krolak

Also

Apropos of 'mycological jazz', a old  perplexity of mine, who knows why substantial funds were no longer allocated to sci research on viruses, bacteria, fungi (..) and their ecological 'jazzy interactions' ... ? 😏

keyword 'virus' | 'bacteria' | 'fungi' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=virus

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=bacteria

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=fungi

Also

Much of intelligence (quasi-stochastic poetry). Notes. Dec 16, 2005.

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2005/12/1929-much-of-intelligence.html

keyword 'jazz' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=jazz

keyword 'jazz' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry):

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=jazz

Keywords: jazz, viruses, bacteria, fungi, interactions, acad, scires, funds

# evol: viruses as a facilitator / driver of horizontal gene transfer among eukaryotes

<< Gene exchange between viruses and their hosts acts as a key facilitator of horizontal gene transfer and is hypothesized to be a major driver of evolutionary change. Our understanding of this process comes primarily from bacteria and phage co-evolution, but the mode and functional importance of gene transfers between eukaryotes and their viruses remain anecdotal. >>

AA << systematically characterized viral–eukaryotic gene exchange across eukaryotic and viral diversity, identifying thousands of transfers and revealing their frequency, taxonomic distribution and projected functions. Eukaryote-derived viral genes, abundant in the Nucleocytoviricota, highlighted common strategies for viral host-manipulation, including metabolic reprogramming, proteolytic degradation and extracellular modification. Furthermore, viral-derived eukaryotic genes implicate genetic exchange in the early evolution and diversification of eukaryotes, particularly through viral-derived glycosyltransferases, which have impacted structures as diverse as algal cell walls, trypanosome mitochondria and animal tissues. These findings illuminate the nature of viral–eukaryotic gene exchange and its impact on the evolution of viruses and their eukaryotic hosts. >>️

Irwin, N.A.T., Pittis, A.A., Richards, T.A. et al. Systematic evaluation of horizontal gene transfer between eukaryotes and viruses. Nat Microbiol. doi: 10.1038/ s41564-021-01026-3. Dec 31, 2021. 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-021-01026-3

<< We knew from individual examples that viral genes have played a role in the evolution of eukaryotes. Even humans have viral genes, which are important for our development and brain function, (..)  We wanted to understand more broadly how HGT (horizontal gene transfer) has affected viruses and eukaryotes from across the tree of life. >> Nicholas Irwin. ️

<< We were interested to find that certain groups of viruses, especially those that infect single-celled eukaryotes, acquire a lot of genes from their hosts, (..)  By studying the function of these genes we were able to make predictions about how these viruses affect their hosts during infection. >> Patrick Keeling.

<< Many of these viral-derived genes appear to have repeatedly affected the structure and form of different organisms, from the cell walls of algae to the tissues of animals, (..) This suggests that host-virus interactions may have played an important role in driving the diversity of life we see today. >> Nicholas Irwin. ️

<< These transfers not only have evolutionary consequences for both virus and host, but could have important health implications, >> Patrick Keeling.️

<< we think that this work serves as an interesting reminder that viruses have also contributed to the evolution of life on Earth, >>️ Nicholas Irwin. 

️

New research shows gene exchange between viruses and hosts drives evolution. University of British Columbia. Jan 5, 2022.

https://phys.org/news/2022-01-gene-exchange-viruses-hosts-evolution.html

Also

Nonlinear effects in shaping human evolution, the role of viruses. Jan 15, 2019. 

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2019/01/evol-nonlinear-effects-in-shaping-human.html

keyword 'evolution'  in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=evolution

keyword 'evolution' | 'evoluzione'  in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=evolution

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=evoluzione

Keywords: evolution, virus, gene exchange, horizontal gene transfer, HGT

# behav: learning walks related to home burrow navigation (among desert grassland scorpions Paruroctonus utahensis)

<< The Navigation by Chemotextural Familiarity Hypothesis (NCFH) suggests that scorpions use their midventral pectines to gather chemical and textural information near their burrows and use this information as they subsequently return home. For NCFH to be viable, animals must somehow acquire home-directed “tastes” of the substrate, such as through path integration (PI) and/or learning walks. >>️

AA << found that once animals established their home burrows, they immediately made one to several short, looping excursions away from and back to their burrows before walking greater distances. We also observed similar excursions when animals made burrows in level sand in the middle of the arena (i.e., no mound provided). These putative learning walks, together with recently reported PI in scorpions, may provide the crucial home-directed information requisite for NCFH. >>️

Douglas D. Gaffin, Maria G. Munoz, Marielle Hoefnagels. Evidence of learning walks related to scorpion home burrow navigation. bioRxiv 2021.12.28.474378; Dec 30, 2021. 

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474378v1

Also

keyword 'walk' | 'walking' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=walk

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=walking

keyword 'passo lieve' | 'walk' | 'walking' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=passo+lieve

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=walk

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=walking

Keywords: behav, walk, walking, learning walk, NCFH

# gst: weird but not so weird dynamics, basins with tentacles could be common in high-dimensional systems.

<< Basins of attraction are fundamental to the analysis of dynamical systems (..). Over the years, many remarkable properties of basins have been discovered (..), most notably that their geometry can be wild, as exemplified by Wada basins (..), fractal basin boundaries (..), and riddled or intermingled basins (..). Yet despite these foundational studies, much remains to be learned about basins, especially in systems with many degrees of freedom. >>

AA show that for locally-coupled Kuramoto oscillators << high-dimensional basins tend to have convoluted geometries and cannot be approximated by simple shapes such as hypercubes. Although they are impossible to visualize precisely (because of their high dimensionality), (they) present evidence that these basins have long tentacles that reach far and wide and become tangled with each other. Yet sufficiently close to its own attractor, each basin becomes rounder and more simply structured, somewhat like the head of an octopus. >>

<< In terms of (AA) metaphor, almost all of a basin’s volume is in its tentacles, not its head. This finding is not limited to Kuramoto oscillators. (AA) provide a simple geometrical argument showing that, as long as the number of attractors in a system grows subexponentially with system size, the basins are expected to be octopus-like. As further evidence of their genericity, basins of this type were previously found in simulations of jammed sphere packings (..) where they were described as “branched” and “threadlike” away from a central core (..) and accurate methods were developed for computing their volumes (.,). There is also enticing evidence of octopus-like basins in neuronal networks (..), power grids (..), and photonic couplers (..). >>

<< Figure 4 is a further attempt to visualize the structure of high-dimensional basins, now by examining randomly oriented two-dimensional (2D) slices of state space, either far from a twisted state or close to one. (..) Despite the fact that each basin is connected (..)  the basins look fragmented in this 2D slice. >>

 Fig. 4(a): << Perhaps another metaphor than tentacles—a ball of tangled yarn—better captures the essence of the basin structure in this regime, far from any attractor, in which differently colored threads (representing different basins) are interwoven together in an irregular fashion. >>

Fig. 4(b): << The basin structure near an attractor is strikingly different. (..) the basins near an attractor are organized like an onion. >>

Yuanzhao Zhang, Steven H. Strogatz. Basins with tentacles. arXiv: 2106.05709v3 [nlin.AO]. Nov 2, 2021. 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.05709

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.194101

Also

Reshaping Kuramoto model, when a collective dynamics becomes chaotic, with a surprisingly weak coupling. Dec 27, 2021.

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2021/12/gst-reshaping-kuramoto-model-when.html

Keywords: gst, dynamical systems, high-dimensional systems, Kuramoto oscillator, attractors, basin of attraction 

# behav: unfrequent events under radical uncertainty; rats tend to avoid black swan situations.

AA << present a novel experimental design that aims at measuring the extent to which animal subjects are sensitive to rare and extreme events and, in addition, how rats respond to those very unfrequent events under radical uncertainty. (..) the novelty of (AA) design is that it provides two direct measures that help interpreting (..) behavioral data: Total Sensitivity to Rare and Extreme Events, and One-sided Sensitivity to Rare and Extreme Events with Black-Swan Avoidance/Jackpot-Seeking behaviors as limiting cases. >>️

<< First, most rats (..) can be grouped into a moderate to high Total Sensitivity group. This means that most rats diversify their choices across options in such a way that they more often rely on convex ones than on concave ones overall. Therefore, they tend to seek extreme gains/Jackpots and to avoid extreme losses/ Black Swans. In addition, most rats (..) tend to exhibit Black Swan Avoidance, which indicates that, given Total Sensitivity, they tend to try more often to avoid Black Swans than to seek Jackpots. (AA) interpret such a behavior as significant aversion towards uncertainty about rare and extreme losses.  >>️

<< all rats diversify their choices across a set of options, which is reminiscent of observed behaviors such as, for example, bet-hedging in animals and financial portfolio strategies used by humans >>

️

<< results from similar experiments among different species might be of interest for the analysis of neurobiological substrates involved in decision-making and its evolutionary traits in the context of rare and extreme events. >>️

Mickael Degoulet, Louis-Matis Willem, et al. Decision-Making in Rats is Sensitive to Rare and Extreme Events: the Black Swan Avoidance. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.11.01.466806v1. Nov 04, 2021. 

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466806v1

 Keywords: behav, game, decision-making, bet-hedging, trading, uncertainty, gain, loss, black swan 

# game: in a iterated prisoner's dilemma scenario forgiveness turns out to be an adaptation

<< Prisoner’s dilemma is used to represent a range of real life phenomena such as economics, commerce, nature and wildlife. >>

<< Researchers working on iterated prisoner's dilemma (IPD) with limited memory inspected the outcome of different forgetting strategies in homogeneous environment, within which all agents adopt the same forgetting strategy at a time. In this work, with the intention to represent real life more realistically, (AA) improve existing forgetting strategies, offer new ones, and conduct experiments in heterogeneous environment that contains mixed agents and compare the results with previous research as well as homogeneous environment >>

<< in a more realistic environment consisting of all types of agents, in terms of both cooperation probabilities and forgetting strategies, agents who forget defectors consistently outperform other forgetting strategies for all memory ratio values. Moreover, the best performing defectors are also the ones that forget other defectors. In other words, agents who “forgive” defectors are the best performers. Hence, forgiveness is an adaptation. >>

FMC : Forget most cooperator first 

FMP : Forget most played first 

FMU : Forget most unpredictable first 

FR :  Forget randomly 

FLP : Forget least played first 

FMD : Forget most defector first 

Meliksah Turker, Haluk O. Bingol. Forgiveness is an Adaptation in Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma with Memory. arXiv:2112.07894v1 [cs.GT]. Dec 15, 2021

https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.07894

Also

keyword 'game' | 'tit-for-tat' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=game

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=tit-for-tat

keyword 'game' | 'tit-for-tat' in Notes

(quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=game

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=tit-for-tat

Keywords: game, iterated prisoner's dilemma, forgiveness, adaptation