# gst: Parrondo paradox revisited, a chaotic switching approach

<< Parrondo's paradox is a phenomenon where the switching of two losing games results in a winning outcome. >>

<< Suppose I present to you the outcome of the quantum walker at the end of 100 coin tosses, knowing the initial position, can you tell me the sequence of tosses that lead to this final outcome?" (..) In the case of random switching, it is almost impossible to determine the sequence of tosses that lead to the end result. However, for periodic tossing, we could get the sequence of tosses rather easily, because a periodic sequence has structure and is deterministic. >> Joel Lai.

<< This led to the idea of incorporating chaotic sequences as a means to perform the switching. The authors discovered that using chaotic switching through a pre-generated chaotic sequence significantly enhances the work. For an observer who does not know parts of the information required to generate the chaotic sequence, deciphering the sequence of tosses is analogous to determining a random sequence. However, for an agent with information on how to generate the chaotic sequence, this is analogous to a periodic sequence. According to the authors, this information on generating the chaotic sequence is likened to the keys in encryption. >>

Using quantum Parrondo's random walks for encryption. Singapore University of Technology and Design. Oct15, 2021.

https://phys.org/news/2021-10-quantum-parrondo-random-encryption.html

Joel Weijia Lai, Kang Hao Cheong. Chaotic switching for quantum coin Parrondo's games with application to encryption. Phys. Rev. Research 3, L022019. June 2, 2021. 

https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.3.L022019

Also

<< usando l'output di una logistica (per certi valori dei parms) un ipotetico Donald potrebbe avere il vezzo di ottenere stessi risultati con serialita' numerica generata meccanicamente anziche' in modalita' casuale; >>️

#POTUS race: Donald, what he can do (with less than four lines ...). FonT. May 23, 2016. 

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2016/05/p-usa-potus-race-donald-what-he-can-do.html

Also

keyword 'parrondo' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=parrondo

keyword 'parrondo' in Notes  (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=parrondo

Also

keyword 'chaos' | 'chaotic' in Font

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=chaos

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=chaotic

keyword 'caos' | 'caotico' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=caos

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=caotico

keywords: gst, games, life, chaos, Parrondo, Parrondo chaotic switching approach

# gst: switch to three players within the Parrondo game

<< Parrondo's paradox indicates a paradoxical situation in which a winning expectation may occur in sequences of losing games. There are many versions of the original Parrondo's games in the literature, but the games are played by two players in all of them. (AA) introduce a new extended version of games played by three players and a three-sided biased dice instead of two players and a biased coin in this work.  >>️

<< Figure 11 shows the result of combination switches A and B for the fair probabilities in set S_5. The simulation results are performed so on until 100 steps were done, and each step is averaged over 10000 repeats. This strategy, different from the others and even the original Parrondo's paradox, produces a fair expectation from two noisy switches in which the combination of two fair switches is fair. >>

️

Atiyeh Fotoohinasab. A new generalization of Parrondo's games to three players and its application in genetic switches.  arXiv: 2101.11401v2 [q-bio.PE]. Feb 2, 2021. 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.11401 

Also

keyword 'parrondo' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=parrondo

keyword 'parrondo' in Notes  (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=parrondo

keyword 'three-body' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=three-body

Keywords: gst, games, parrondo, three-body

# game: 'pulsing' Parrondo to jump (and win) between two losing games

<< Parrondo’s paradox, in which losing strategies can be combined to produce winning outcomes, has received much attention in mathematics and the physical sciences; >>

<< In this review paper, the authors examine a large range of recent developments of Parrondo’s paradox in biology, across ecology and evolution, genetics, social and behavioral systems, cellular processes, and disease. >>

Kang Hao Cheong, Jin Ming Koh, Michael C. Jones. Paradoxical Survival: Examining the Parrondo Effect across Biology. BioEssays. Volume 41, Issue 6. doi: 10.1002/bies.201900027. May 27,  2019.   https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bies.201900027  

Paradoxical Survival: Examining the Parrondo effect across biology. Singapore University of Technology and Design. Aug 5, 2019.   https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190805134043.htm 

Also

"Parrondo" in: "Notes" & "FonT"

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=parrondo

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=parrondo

# game: pulsating as a Toffoli gate: Parrondo's paradox with a three-state coin (heads, tails, and a side)

<< Parrondo's paradox - an apparent paradox in which two losing strategies combine to make a winning strategy - can emerge as a coin game with a single coin in the quantum realm, but only when the coin has three states (heads, tails, and a side) rather than the conventional two. >>

<< In the new study, [AA] have demonstrated a Parrondo's game using a three-state coin, which they represent with a qutrit, a quantum system with three states. >>

Lisa Zyga. Parrondo's paradox with a three-sided coin. Phys.org. July 11, 2018.

https://m.phys.org/news/2018-07-parrondo-paradox-three-sided-coin.html

Jishnu Rajendran, Colin Benjamin. Playing a true Parrondo's game with a three-state coin on a quantum walk. EPL. 2018; 122(4). June 28.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1209/0295-5075/122/40004/meta

https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.04033

Also

"Toffoli gate"

# qubit: three-qubit operation with the Toffoli gate for scalable semiconductor quantum processors. Mar 4, 2018.

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2018/03/qubit-three-qubit-operation-with.html

FonT

quando lessi per la prima volta in bibliografia circa il "Parrondo Game"  mi venne in mente una strategia che avevo immaginato e piu' volte usato a suo tempo - da meta'  anni '70 a tutti gli anni '80 (e oltre) - composta da una sorta di "tit-for-tat stocastico" cioe' una strategia di gioco di  "cooperazione/ defezione" con decisioni di scelta pilotate da "lancio di moneta" all'interno di due (e poi anche tre) scenari riconducibili al tipo Parrondo ... in pratica la generazione di scenari senz'altro di  "frontiera", evolutivi,  immediatamente generabili all'interno di situazioni (se-si-puo-dire ... or, namely, "sire-die-soup") del tipo "standard", supposte "lineari".  Anzicheforse.

1668 - ramificata tinnula (di carmina fluitantia). Jun 9, 2005.

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2005/06/1668-ramificata-tinnula-di-carmina.html

"charlie"

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=charlie

# game: noise-induced Parrondo's paradox in discrete-time qu-walks

<< Parrondo's paradox refers to the apparently paradoxical effect whereby two or more dynamics in which a given quantity decreases are combined in such a way that the same quantity increases in the resulting dynamics. >>

AA << show that noise can induce Parrondo's paradox in one-dimensional discrete-time quantum walks with deterministic periodic as well as aperiodic sequences of two-state quantum coins where this paradox does not occur in the absence of noise. >>️

Zbigniew Walczak, Jarosław H. Bauer. Noise-induced Parrondo's paradox in discrete-time quantum walks. Phys. Rev. E 108, 044212. Oct 11, 2023.

https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.108.044212

Also: parrondo, walk, noise, in: https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html

Keywords: games, parrondo, walk, noise

# life: call for four Parrondo's paradox peacekeeper players

<< US President Joe Biden has said world history is at "an inflection point" as he made the case for a "smart investment" of ... >> Ukraine, Israel, Taiwan.

️

Holly Honderich, Sarah Smith. Biden seeks 'vital' (..) aid for Israel and Ukraine. BBC News, Oct 20, 2023. 

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-67164900

Also: Switch to three players within the Parrondo game. FonT. Jun 11, 2022.

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2022/06/gst-switch-to-three-players-within.html

Also: Parrondo, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html

Also: "Parrondo"[TIAB], in https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

Also: Parrondo, in https://arxiv.org/search/?query=Parrondo&searchtype=abstract&abstracts=show&order=-announced_date_first&size=50

Keywords: life, game, Parrondo, Potus, war, nfulaw

# gst: transitions by coupled instabilities

AA << present an experimental study of quasiperiodic transitions between a highly ordered square-lattice pattern and a disordered, defect-riddled state, in a circular Faraday system. (They)  show that the transition is driven initially by a long-wave amplitude modulation instability, which excites the oscillatory transition phase instability, leading to the formation of dislocations in the Faraday lattice. The appearance of dislocations dampens amplitude modulations, which prevents further defects from being created and allows the system to relax back to its ordered state. The process then repeats itself in a quasiperiodic manner. >>

Valeri Frumkin, Shreyas Gokhale. Coupled instabilities drive quasiperiodic order-disorder transitions in Faraday waves. Phys. Rev. E 108, L012601. July 17, 2023. 

https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.108.L012601

Also: parrondo, tit-for-tat, game, transition, chaos, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html

Keywords: parrondo, tit-for-tat, game,  transition, chaos