# p-trade: three, four, or five, or else mattress

<< I know that my investors want three, four, or five percent, or else they can keep it in the bank or stuff it in their mattress >>. Bill Gross.

John Gittelsohn. Gross Trying to Short Credit to Reverse Decades of Instinct. May 26, 2016 — 11:42 AM EDT

http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-26/gross-trying-to-short-credit-to-reverse-four-decades-of-instinct

Laura Naka Antonelli. Gross, il Re dei Bond “costretto” a shortare obbligazioni. 27 maggio 2016.

http://www.wallstreetitalia.com/gross-il-re-dei-bond-costretto-a-shortare-obbligazioni/

# gst: elastic instabilities, a morphing model to quickly trap anything (in 100msec), the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)

<< The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) takes only 100 milliseconds to trap its prey. Once their leaves, which have been transformed into snap traps, have closed, insects can no longer escape. >>

<< the trap of the carnivorous plant is under mechanical prestress. In addition, its three tissue layers of each lobe have to deform according to a special pattern. >>

<< In order to close correctly, the traps also had to consist of three layers of tissue: an inner which constricts, an outer which expands, and a neutral middle layer. >>

Albert Ludwigs. Biomechanical analyses and computer simulations reveal the Venus flytrap snapping mechanisms. University of Freiburg. Jun 23, 2020.

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-biomechanical-analyses-simulations-reveal-venus.html

Renate Sachse, Anna Westermeier, et al. Snapping mechanics of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula). PNAS. doi: 10.1073/ pnas.2002707117. Jun 22, 2020. 

https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2020/06/19/2002707117

Also

Dionaea muscipula, with precision. FonT. Feb 2, 2016. 

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2016/02/rmx-s-phyto-dionaea-muscipula-with.html

# gst: fingerprints of reality: water drops that vibrate, flames that oscillate, and viscous fluids that form rivulets ...

<< In one of this year’s three winning videos, a drop of blue-dyed water at the bottom of an anise-oil and alcohol mixture begins to grow and shake, eventually pinching off a fragment that floats up. The process repeats several times. Created by now four-time Gallery-of-Fluid-Motion winner Oscar Enríquez of Carlos III University of Madrid and his colleagues, the visuals are accompanied by a soundtrack featuring a musical improvisation by a trio consisting of Enríquez on percussion, a violinist, and a clarinetist. Each instrument in the trio represents one of the three fluids. >>

Award-Winning Fluid Videos. APS. Physics 11, 121. Nov 21, 2018.

https://physics.aps.org/articles/v11/121

# gst: anisotropic active depletion around a self-propelled non-interactive colloids; three characteristic states could be identified.

<< Active colloids in a bath of inert particles of smaller size cause anisotropic depletion. >>️

Here AA << combine mesoscale hydrodynamic simulation as well as theoretical analysis to examine the physical origin for the active depletion around a self-propelled noninteractive colloid. >>️

Their << results elucidate that the variable hydrodynamic effect critically governs the microstructure of the depletion zone. Three characteristic states of anisotropic depletion are identified, depending on the strength and stress of activity. >>️

<< Furthermore, (AA) demonstrate that such depletion in nonequilibrium results in various clusters with ordered organization of squirmers, which follows a distinct principle contrary to that of the entropy scenario of depletion in equilibrium. >>

️

Lijun Dai, Haixiao Wan, et al. Hydrodynamic Anisotropy of Depletion in Nonequilibrium. Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 134002. Sep 27, 2023. 

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.134002

Also: particle, colloids, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html

Keywords: gst, particles, colloids, depletion, squirmers, self-propulsion systems

# rmx-s-gst-behav: biting, policing and dueling in H. saltator

<< The  researchers  identified  three  behaviors  related  to  establishing  a  hierarchy  in H.  saltator [Indian jumping ant  "Harpegnathos saltator"] : biting,  in  which  one  ant  bites  another’s  head,  has  a  clear  winner  and  loser,  with  the  winner establishing  dominance;  policing,  in  which  subordinate  workers  restrain  challengers  to  a dominant  individual;  and  dueling,  in  which  two  individuals  engage  in  a  martial  display  with  their antennae,  but  which  has  no  clear  loser. >>

<< The  researchers  created  a  computer  model  that  allowed  them  to manipulate  all  three  behaviors  in  order  to  see  how  the  behaviors  affected  the  social  structure  of a  colony. When  biting  was  present,  but  policing  and  dueling  were  absent,  the  model  resulted  in  a  linear hierarchy.  When  biting  and  strong  policing  were  present,  the  model  resulted  in  a  despotic hierarchy  with  a  single  dominant  individual.  It  was  only  when  biting,  policing  and  winner-winner dueling  were  all  present  that  the  model  resulted  in  a  shared  dominance  hierarchy.>>

<< shared  dominance  hierarchies  can  be found  in  animal  societies  from  lions  to  dolphins. (..) Higher  cognition  certainly  plays  a role  in  shaping  the  societies  of  many  vertebrates,  but  we  think  the  presence  or  absence  of winner-winner  behaviors  may  be  an  important  factor  in  determining  the  nature  of  dominance hierarchies  for  a  wide  variety  of  species >>

'Winner-winner' behavior may shape animal hierarchies, study argues. April 14, 2016

https://news.ncsu.edu/2016/04/penick-win-2016/

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160414145221.htm

Takao  Sasaki, Clint  A.  Penick, et al. A Simple  Behavioral  Model  Predicts  the Emergence  of  Complex  Animal  Hierarchies. The  American  Naturalist, 2016; DOI: 10.1086/686259

http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/686259

F.on.T:  un paper a risvolto poetico, questo ... sono 'aSSi, non e' vero?

# gst; apropos of hair that can be combed, some perturbation fields, along the event horizon of extreme black holes, seem to evolve in time indefinitely

 <<  black holes can be fully characterized by only three physical quantities: their mass, spin and charge. Since they have no additional "hairy" attributes to distinguish them, black holes are said to have "no hair"—Black holes of the same mass, spin, and charge are exactly identical to each other. >> 

AA << discovered that a special kind of black hole violates black hole uniqueness, the so-called "no hair" theorem. Specifically, the team studied extremal black holes—holes that are "saturated" with the maximum charge or spin they can possibly carry. They found that there is a quantity that can be constructed from the spacetime curvature at the black hole horizon that is conserved, and measurable by a distant observer. Since this quantity depends on how the black hole was formed, and not just on the three classical attributes, it violates black hole uniqueness. This quantity constitutes "gravitational hair" and potentially measurable by recent and upcoming gravitational wave observatories like LIGO and LISA. >>

<< even though external perturbations of extreme black holes decay as they do also for regular black holes, along the event horizon certain perturbation fields evolve in time indefinitely. >>

<< The uniqueness theorems assume time independence. But the Aretakis phenomenon explicitly violates time independence along the event horizon. This is the loophole through which the hair can pop out and be combed at a great distance by a gravitational wave observatory, >> Lior Burko.

Extreme black holes have hair that can be combed. Theiss Research. Jan 26, 2021.

https://phys.org/news/2021-01-extreme-black-holes-hair.html

Lior M. Burko, Gaurav Khanna, Subir Sabharwal. Scalar and gravitational hair for extreme Kerr black holes. Phys. Rev. D 103, L021502. Jan 26, 2021.

https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.103.L021502  

# gst: shape-shifting architecture inspired by metamorphosis, the metamorphosis kirigami system.

<< Kirigami is a variation of origami that involves cutting and folding paper. But while kirigami traditionally uses two-dimensional materials, Yin (Jie Yin) applies the same principles to three-dimensional materials. The metamorphosis system starts with a single unit of 3D kirigami. Each unit can form multiple shapes in itself. But these units are also modular—they can be connected to form increasingly complex structures. Because the individual units themselves can form multiple shapes, and can connect to other units in multiple ways, the overall system is capable of forming a wide variety of architectures. >>

<< The system we've developed was inspired by metamorphosis, (..) With metamorphosis in nature, animals change their fundamental shape. We've created a class of materials that can be used to create structures that change their fundamental architecture. (..) Think of what you can build with conventional materials, (..) Now imagine what you can build when each basic building block is capable of transforming in multiple ways.  (..) The metamorphosis kirigami system does not allow you to disassemble a structure, (..) And because the sides of each cubic unit are rigid and fixed at 90-degree angles, the assembled structure does not bend or flex very much. However, the finished structure is capable of transforming into different architectures.>> Jie Yin.️

Matt Shipman. Inspired by metamorphosis, researchers create materials for shape-shifting architecture. North Carolina State University. Sep 08, 2021. 

https://phys.org/news/2021-09-metamorphosis-materials-shape-shifting-architecture.html  

Yanbin Li, Jie Yin. Metamorphosis of three-dimensional kirigami-inspired reconfigurable and reprogrammable architected matter. Materials Today Physics, 21, 100511. doi: 10.1016/ j.mtphys.2021.100511.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2542529321001723

Also

keyword 'origami' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=origami

Keywords: gst, origami, kirigami, architecture, bifurcation, metamorphosis,  reconfigurability, reprogrammability.

# gst: apropos of evaporation, puncturing of active drops

<< By virtue of self-propulsion, active particles impart intricate stresses to the background fluids. (..) this active stress can be utilized to greatly control evaporation dynamics of active drops. >>

AA << discover a new phenomenon of puncturing of the active drops, where the air-liquid interface of the drop undergoes spontaneous tearing and there occurs a formation of a new three-phase contact line due to the liquid-air interface hitting the liquid-solid interface through evaporation-driven mass loss. Post puncturing, (AA) see an inside-out evaporation of the drop, where the new contact line sweeps towards the pinned outer contact line of the drops, contrasting regular drops that straightaway shrink to zero volume with self-similar shape. >>

<< Furthermore, (..) the activity inside the drops can manipulate the three-phase contact-line dynamics, which for contractile drops can result in an up to 50% enhanced lifetime of the drop and 33% quicker evaporation for extensile drops. By analyzing the flux distribution inside the drop, (AA) gain insights on nonintuitive deposition patterns (e.g., ring galaxy type deposits that demonstrate controllable spatial gradients in the concentrations of the deposited particles) of active particles, which are oftentimes biological substances or bimetallic nanoparticles of interest. >>

Ghansham Rajendrasingh Chandel, Vishal Sankar Sivasankar, Siddhartha Das. Evaporation of active drops: Puncturing drops and particle deposits of ring galaxy patterns. Phys. Rev. Fluids 9, 033603. Mar 27, 2024. 

https://journals.aps.org/prfluids/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.9.033603

Also: drop, particle, evaporation, transition, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: gst, drop, particle, evaporation, transition, drop interactions, droplet, droploid

# s-phyto: the three ways of the plastoquinone inside the photosystem II complex

<< The surprise in this process was the seemingly uncoordinated way in which it happens. 'The idea in the field was that there were two channels through which plastoquinone could pass - one would be the entrance, the other the exit', says Marrink [Siewert J.  Marrink]. As it turned out, there were three channels which could all be used to enter or leave the complex. >>

<< Any plastoquinone molecules in the membrane would quickly enter the photosystem II (PSII) complex, but might leave it again without electrons, or hover around inside the complex for a while before finally binding in the exchange cavity, where it could accept electrons. Marrink: 'It is all very much dominated by entropy.' >>

University of Groningen. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal chaos in electron transport. ScienceDaily. 10 May 2017.

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/05/170510075547.htm

Floris J. Van Eerden, Manuel N. Melo, et al. Exchange pathways of plastoquinone and plastoquinol in the photosystem II complex. Nature Communications 8, Article number: 15214 (2017) doi: 10.1038/ncomms15214

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms15214

FonT

<< Nature turned out to be less orderly than we had assumed >> afferma Siewert J.  Marrink. Percio' anche il classico vasetto della nonna contenente la classica piantina talvolta perfino stitichella, sarebbe testimonianza, per un aspetto decisamente peculiare,  fondamentale della sua normale fisiologia (la fotosintesi clorofilliana), di pulsatile motore caotico ...

# behav: bizarre relationships

<< a group of fish known as pearlfish have evolved to live in the anuses of sea cucumbers >>

<< the group of pistol shrimp who’ve buddied up with the burrowing fish species, gobies. In this duo, gobies guard the entrance to the burrow of pistol shrimp to protect the shrimp. In return, the pistol shrimp digs and maintains a burrow for the pair to share—their own personal love den >>

<< the ultimate case of deception (..)  about the arid bronze azure butterfly >>

Samille Mitchell. Three of nature’s most bizarre relationships. Dec 11, 2017.

https://particle.scitech.org.au/earth/three-natures-bizarre-relationships/

https://m.phys.org/news/2017-12-nature-bizarre-relationships.html

# life: hypothetical 'subtle variations' about three ancient neuro-cognitive models, the nomadic explorer, the nomadic owner, the farmer.

<< Prehistoric humans underwent three major migration events across Eurasia, influencing the genetic diversity of present-day Europe. These include the arrival of hunter-gatherers approximately 45,000 years ago, the expansion of Neolithic farmers from the Middle East around 11,000 years ago, and the rise of animal husbandry when steppe pastoralists migrated from the Pontic Steppe approximately 5,000 years ago. Each of these events represents a crucial period in human history that has shaped the genetic diversity observed in present-day Europe, although specific genetic and demographic details remain poorly characterized. >>️

Michael Attwaters. Ancient migration and the modern genome. Nat Rev Genet 25, 162. Feb 5, 2024. 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41576-024-00702-4

Also: nomad, ctz entity, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html

Keywords: life, hunter-gatherers, pastoralists, farmers

# life: a painted texture glimpsed through 25 words

<< If you want to understand the complicated nature of the United States in 2023, ask Americans to define their country themselves. In the past year, the American Communities Project did just that. It visited four different counties and asked passersby to define 25 words, including America, and the responses showed a range of opinions. >>️

<< The media tends to explain the divides in United States in binary terms — red/blue, left/right, urban/rural. News stories discuss war between two conflicting “cultures” in the country. Sometimes included is a third option for “independents” or “centrists.” But look closer and the picture is far more complicated, marked by fault lines that can be hard to see. >>️

Dante Chinni, Ari Pinkus. New Survey Breaks Down America’s Complicated Landscape. American Communities Project/Ipsos. Oct 26, 2023. 

https://www.americancommunities.org/new-survey-breaks-down-americas-complicated-landscape

Also: 

Immediate 'shot', the three second time window in art, music, poems and language processing. FonT. Apr 30, 2021.

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2021/04/gst-immediate-shot-three-second-time.html

Effetto Northridge. Notes. Sep 26, 2005.

(quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2005/09/1887-effetto-northridge.html

Keywords: life, self-perception

# evol: when the dinosaurs died, lichens thrived ...

AA << results imply that multiple historical events during the transition from Mesozoic to Cenozoic eras, including the K-Pg mass extinction event, impacted the evolutionary dynamics in lichen-forming fungi. >>

Jen-Pan Huang, Ekaphan Kraichak, et al.   Accelerated diversifications in three diverse families of morphologically complex lichen-forming fungi link to major historical events. Scientific Reports.  volume 9, Article number: 8518 (2019).   https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-44881-1  

<< We thought that lichens would be affected negatively, but in the three groups we looked at, they seized the chance and diversified rapidly, (..) Some lichens grow sophisticated 3D structures like plant leaves, and these ones filled the niches of plants that died out. >> Jen-Pang Huang.

When the dinosaurs died, lichens thrived. Mass extinction hurt land plants, but DNA shows that some fungus/plant combo organisms rose up. Field Museum, Academia Sinica, Taipei.  - ScienceDaily. Jun 28, 2019.   https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/06/190628120432.htm

K-Pg mass extinction event   https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event

# gst: self-repelling species could self-organize.

<< Catalytically active particles form clusters when they respond not only to their own chemical targets but to those of other catalysts, too. >>️

AA  << show that the phenomenon of self-organization depends strongly on the network topology. >>️

They << modeled a three-species system (..) systems where each species responds chemotactically only to its own substrate cannot self-organize unless one species is self-attracting. >>️

<< Next, they developed a model that allowed species to respond to both their substrates and their products. Pair interactions between different species in this more complex model drove an instability that spread throughout the three-species system, causing the catalysts to clump together. Surprisingly, this self-organization process occurred even among particles that were individually self-repelling. >>️

Rachel Berkowitz. Self-Repelling Species Still Self-Organize. Physics 16, s128. Sept 19, 2023. 

https://physics.aps.org/articles/v16/s128

Vincent Ouazan-Reboul, Ramin Golestanian, Jaime Agudo-Canalejo. Network effects lead to self-organization in metabolic cycles of self-repelling catalysts. Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 128301. Sep 19, 2023. 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.128301

Also: self-assembly, network, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: gst, self-assembly, network,  topology.

# gst: ordered patterns found when mixing granular matter

AA << report remarkably persistent mixing and non-mixing regions in a three-dimensional dynamical system where randomness is expected. A spherical shell half-filled with dry non-cohesive particles and periodically rotated about two horizontal axes generates complex structures that vary non-trivially with the rotation angles. >>

Zafir Zaman, Mengqi Yu, et al.  Persistent structures in a three-dimensional dynamical system with flowing and non-flowing regions. Nature Comm vol 9, no 3122 (2018)  doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05508-7

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05508-7   

Emily Ayshford. When mixing granular matter, order among disorder. Northwestern University. Aug 14, 2018.

https://m.phys.org/news/2018-08-granular-disorder.html   

# gst: when science meets poetry, an image of three-dimensional stepped cracks (bistability, and their transition to simple cracks)

<< Slow cracks may be simple, with no internal structure. The leading edge of a simple crack, the crack front, forms a single fracture plane in its wake. Slow cracks may also develop segmented crack fronts, each segment propagating along a separate fracture plane. These planes merge at locations that form steps along fracture surfaces. Steps are not stationary, but instead propagate within a crack front. Real-time measurements of crack front structure and energy flux reveal that step dynamics significantly increase energy dissipation and drastically alter crack dynamics. Simple and stepped cracks are each stable. By extending the use of energy balance to include 3D crack front structure, (AA) find that, while energy balance is obeyed, it is insufficient to select the energetically favorable crack growth mode. Transitions from stepped cracks to simple cracks occur only when their in-plane front lengths become equal and a perturbation momentarily changes step topology. Such 3D crack dynamics challenge our traditional understanding of fracture. >>

Meng Wang, Mokhtar Adda-Bedia, Jay Fineberg. Dynamics of three-dimensional stepped cracks, bistability, and their transition to simple cracks. Phys. Rev. Research 5, L012001. Jan 9, 2023. 

https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.5.L012001

Also

keyword 'crack' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=crack

keyword 'rottura' | 'crepa' | 'frattura' | 'rugosa' in Notes

(quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=rottura

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=crepa

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=frattura

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=rugosa

keywords 'meets poetry' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=meets+poetry

Keywords:  gst, transitions, dynamical phase transitions, crack, cracking,   fracture, roughness

# life: oops! aprops of tsunami wave hazards, exposure to other 'Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant' accidents appear to exist ...

<< A major tsunami in the northern Arabian Sea could severely impact the coastlines of India and Pakistan, which are studded with sensitive installations including several nuclear plants, >>

<< Atomic power stations functioning along the Arabian Sea include Tarapur (1,400 megawatts) in India's Maharashtra state, Kaiga (being expanded to 2,200 megawatts) in Karnataka state and Karachi in Pakistan (also being expanded to 2,200 megawatts). A mega nuclear power plant coming up at Jaitapur, Maharashtra will generate 9,900 megawatts, while another project at Mithi Virdi in Gujarat may be shelved because of public opposition. >>

<< Nuclear power plants are located along coasts because their enormous cooling needs can be taken care of easily and cheaply by making using abundant seawater. >>

Nuclear plants in Arabian Sea face tsunami risk. SciDev.Net. Sep 21, 2020.

https://phys.org/news/2020-09-nuclear-arabian-sea-tsunami.html

Rajendran, C.P., Heidarzadeh, et al. The Orphan Tsunami of 1524 on the Konkan Coast, Western India, and Its Implications. Pure Appl. Geophys. doi: 10.1007/ s00024-020-02575-0. Sep 7, 2020. 

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00024-020-02575-0

<< The earthquake had also generated a 14 m high tsunami that arrived shortly afterwards and swept over the plant's seawall and then flooded the lower parts of reactors 1–4. This caused the failure of the emergency generators and loss of power to the circulating pumps.(..) The resultant loss of reactor core cooling led to three nuclear meltdowns, three hydrogen explosions, and the release of radioactive contamination in Units 1, 2 and 3 between 12 and 15 March. >>

Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.  Last edited Sep 25, 2020 by Dougsim.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster

Also

2157 - il pino di takata matsubara. Notes. Apr 01, 2011. (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2011/04/2157-il-pino-di-takata-matsubara.html

Also

keyword 'onda' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=onda

Also

keyword 'wave' in Font

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=wave

# gst: stitch together at both ends to selective formation of classes of bicyclic medium-sized ring compounds

AA << have discovered catalyst-controlled divergent reactions to synthesize three different classes of medium-sized bicyclic compounds from the same starting materials  >>

<< Intermolecular higher-order cycloaddition, in which two starting materials are 'stitched' together at both ends, provides great potential to build complex cyclic compounds from simple building blocks. Unfortunately, such transformations to prepare medium-sized rings are often plagued with competitive reaction pathways and low levels of site- and stereo-selectivity >>

<< The most significant aspect of this chemistry was that not one, but three different classes of bicyclic medium-sized ring compounds were obtained with high efficiency and stereo-selectivity from the same set of starting molecules.  >>

Divergent synthesis of bicyclic medium-sized ring structures. National University of Singapore. Oct 26, 2020.

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-divergent-synthesis-bicyclic-medium-sized.html

Li-Cheng Yang, Ya-Nong Wang, et al. Stereoselective access to [5.5.0] and [4.4.1] bicyclic compounds through Pd-catalysed divergent higher-order cycloadditions. Nat. Chem. 12, 860–868. doi: 10.1038/ s41557-020-0503-7. July 27, 2020. 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41557-020-0503-7

# s-evol: just three traits to explain, by Tereza & John

AA << found that just three traits explained most variation in diversification and species numbers among phyla: the most successful phyla have a skeleton (either internal or external), live on land (instead of in the ocean), and parasitize other organisms. >>

<< Other traits, including those that might seem more dramatic, had surprisingly little impact on diversification and species numbers: evolutionary accomplishments such as having a head, limbs, and complex organ systems for circulation and digestion don't seem to be primary accessories in the evolutionary "dress for success."  >>

<< "Parasitism isn't correlated with any of the other traits, so it seems to have a strong effect on its own," said Wiens [John Wiens]. >>

How to be winner in the game of evolution. Jan. 13, 2017

https://m.phys.org/news/2017-01-winner-game-evolution.html

Tereza Jezkova, John J. Wiens. What Explains Patterns of Diversification and Richness among Animal Phyla? The American Naturalist (2017). DOI: 10.1086/690194

http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/690194

# gst: apropos of transitions, three distinct new families of long-wave instabilities and potential new pathways to turbulence.

AA << reveal three previously unknown instabilities, distinct from the well-known Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability (KHI) and Holmboe Wave Instability (HWI), in that they have longer wavelengths (..) and often slower growth rates. >>

<< The circumstances under which turbulence can persist in strongly stratified flows remains a fascinating debate within the community. [AA] demonstrated that weakly unstable (very) long waves may trigger turbulence and mixing after long periods of time, even under initially very strongly stratified conditions. >>

Lu Zhu, Amir Atoufi, Adrien Lefauve, Rich R. Kerswell, P. F. Linden. Long-wave instabilities of sloping stratified exchange flows. arXiv:2309.10056v1 [physics.flu-dyn]. Sep 18, 2023.

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.10056

Also: waves, instability, transition, turbulence, chaos, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html

Keywords: gst, waves, instability, long-wave instability, transition, turbulence, chaos