# gst: apropos of transitions, erratic, bursty growth processes in cellular sprawl

<< A new “bursty growth” model for organelles—internal components of biological cells—helps explain observed size fluctuations. >>

<< Biologists have identified within cells many specialized structures called organelles that carry out crucial tasks, but how cells regulate the size and the number of organelles has remained a puzzle. Now, using simulations backed by experiments, biophysicists have demonstrated that cells appear to produce organelles through a seemingly erratic, or “bursty,” growth process, which enables them to control average organelle sizes and numbers while also constraining organelle size variations within any cell. The work helps to build up a more fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of cellular function. >>️

<< We wondered if organelle growth, far from being an orderly ‘brick-by-brick’ assembly, might occur in more random bursts,  (..) The burst model can thus explain how cells balance organelle sizes and numbers while also keeping size fluctuations within a narrow window, >> Shankar Mukherji.

<< This “universal” behavior suggests that the burst mechanism underlies all organelle growth, despite the fact that each organelle has a unique building process. >>️

️

Mark Buchanan. Organelle Building Codes. Physics 16, 3. Jan 6, 2023. 

https://physics.aps.org/articles/v16/3

Kiandokht Panjtan Amiri, Asa Kalish, Shankar Mukherji. Robustness and Universality in Organelle Size Control. Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 018401. Jan 6,  2023. 

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.018401

Also

keyword 'growth' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=growth

keyword 'erratico' | 'erratica' in Notes

(quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=erratico

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=erratica

keyword 'erratic' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=erratic

Keywords: gst, cell, cell assembly, growth, erratic growth, transition

# gst: breakthrough in unstable growth processes, shorter branches can revive when a striking transition of the leading branch reaches the boundary of the system.

<< Transport networks, such as vasculature or river networks, provide key functions in organisms and the environment. They often emerge as a result of unstable growth processes, in which growing branches compete for the available flux. This leads to effective repulsion between the branches and screening of the shorter ones. (AA) show that a striking transition in growth dynamics takes place as the leading branch reaches the boundary of the system. The shorter branches revive then and grow toward the leading one forming loops. These effects are observed both in living and inanimate systems. >>

Stanisław Zukowski, Annemiek Johanna Maria Cornelissen, et al. Finger revival and reconnections near breakthrough in unstable growth processes. arXiv: 2212.08878v1 [physics.flu-dyn]. Dec 17, 2022.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08878

Also

keyword 'transition' in FonT: 

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=transition

keyword 'transizione' | 'transition' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry): 

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=transizione

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=transition

Keywords: gst, transition, growth, growth dynamics, transport networks, spatial networks

# gst-chem: growth by random fluctuations in a curvy fractal structure

<< The weaker interaction causes the molecules to slide past each other and dislocate during crystal growth, resulting in an unusual, irregular crystal. According to Guoquing Zhang, ‘at room temperature, there is a high probability that crystal growth will be dictated by random fluctuations, resulting in a curvy fractal structure’ >>

Thomas Foley. Fractal crystals win fashion design contest. 14 May 2017

https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/fractal-crystals-win-fashion-design-contest/3007277.article

<< The  crystals  of  1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)propane-1,3-dione exhibited  rarely  seen  curved  fractal  structures  under  an  optical microscope.  Weak  intermolecular  interactions  may  result  in  dislocation during  crystal  growth  and  thus  the  irregular  crystalline  structures.  The micrographs  of  the  crystals  were  exploited  for  their  artistic  value  and were  transferred  onto  fabrics  for  application  in  fashion  design. >>

Zongzheng Qian, Dongxue Li, et al. Curved fractal  structures  of pyridine-substituted  β-diketone crystals. CrystEngComm. 2017, 19, 2283-2287. doi: 10.1039/C7CE00462A

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2017/CE/C7CE00462A#!divAbstract

# gst: slow dynamics of a interacting mobile impurity (in a bath of localized particles)

AA << investigate dynamics of a single mobile impurity immersed in a bath of Anderson localized particles and focus on the regime of relatively strong disorder and interactions. In that regime, the dynamics of the system is particularly slow, suggesting, at short times, an occurrence of many-body localization. Considering longer time scales, (AA) show that the latter is a transient effect and that, eventually, the impurity spreads sub-diffusively and induces a gradual delocalization of the Anderson insulator. The phenomenology of the system in the considered regime of slow dynamics includes a sub-diffusive growth of mean square displacement of the impurity, power-law decay of density correlation functions of the Anderson insulator and a power-law growth of entanglement entropy in the system. (AA) observe a similar regime of slow dynamics also when the disorder in the system is replaced by a sufficiently strong quasi-periodic potential. >>

Piotr Sierant, Titas Chanda, Maciej Lewenstein, Jakub Zakrzewski. Slow dynamics of a mobile impurity interacting with an Anderson insulator. arXiv: 2212.07107v1 [cond-mat.dis-nn]. Dec 14, 2022. 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.07107

Also

keyword 'particle' | 'quasiparticle' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=particle

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=quasiparticle

keyword 'particelle' in Notes

(quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=particelle

Keywords: gst, particles, impurity, disorder, sub-diffusive growth, transition, entanglement entropy

# gst: modeling complex nanofibril-based (cell) walls to meet diverse (bio-physical) constraints.

<< A plant cell wall's unique ability to expand without weakening or breaking -- a quality required for plant growth -- is due to the movement of its cellulose skeleton >>️

<< The new model, (..) reveals that chains of cellulose bundle together within the cell wall, providing strength, and slide against each other when the cell is stretched, providing extensibility. >>

<< The new study, (..) presents a new concept of the plant cell wall, gives insights into plant cell growth, and could provide inspiration for the design of polymeric materials with new properties. >>

<< For a long time, the prevailing concept of a plant cell wall has been that of a gel that is reinforced by cellulose fibers, with the stiff cellulose rods acting like steel rebar in cement, (..) However, we determined that cellulose chains instead stick to each other to form a network of cellulose bundles, which provides a lot more mechanical strength than disconnected rods floating in a gel. And it's the cellulose chains, rather than other components, that limit cell wall expansion, sliding alongside each other like an extension ladder when the cell is stretched. >> Daniel Cosgrove. ️

️

What makes plant cell walls both strong and extensible? Penn State. May 13, 2021. 

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/05/210513142432.htm

Yao Zhang, Jingyi Yu, et al. Molecular insights into the complex mechanics of plant epidermal cell walls. Science. 

Vol. 372, Issue 6543, pp. 706-711

doi: 10.1126/ science.abf2824. May 14,  2021. 

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6543/706

# s-evol: Burmese python, mechanisms underlying post-feeding regenerations

<< A research team at the University of Texas at Arlington (..)  has been exploring the genomes of snakes and lizards to answer critical questions about these creatures' evolutionary history >>

<< For instance, how did they develop venom?

How do they regenerate their organs?

And how do evolutionarily-derived variations in genes lead to variations in how organisms look and function? >>

Aaron Dubrow. How Pythons Regenerate their Organs and Other Secrets of the Snake Genome. Publ. June 22, 2017

https://www.tacc.utexas.edu/-/how-pythons-regenerate-their-organs-and-other-secrets-of-the-snake-genome

Audra L. Andrew, Blair W. Perry, et al. Growth and stress response mechanisms underlying post-feeding regenerative organ growth in the Burmese python. BMC Genomics 2017 18:338 doi: 10.1186/s12864-017-3743-1 Publ. 2 May 2017

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-017-3743-1

# gst: towards (insights into) intermittency and inhomogeneity of turbulent mixing

<< Fluid elements deform in turbulence by stretching and folding. In this work, by projecting the material deformation tensor onto the largest stretching direction, the dynamics of folding is depicted through the evolution of the material curvature. Results from direct numerical simulation (DNS) show that the curvature growth exhibits two regimes, first a linear stage dominated by folding fluid elements through a persistent velocity Hessian which then transitions to an exponential growth driven by the stretching of already strongly bent fluid elements. This transition leads to strong curvature intermittency at later stages, which can be explained by a proposed curvature-evolution model. The link between velocity Hessian to folding provides a new way to understand the crucial steps in energy cascade and mixing in turbulence beyond the classical linear description. >>

Yinghe Qi, Charles Meneveau, Greg Voth, Rui Ni. Folding dynamics and its intermittency in turbulence. arXiv: 2301.10341v1 [physics.flu-dyn]. Jan 24, 2023. 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.10341

Also

keyword 'intermittency' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=intermittency

keyword 'turbulence' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=turbulence

keyword 'turbolento' | 'turbolenza' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=turbolento

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=turbolenza

keyword 'transition' | 'transitional' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=transition

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=transitional

keyword 'transition' | 'transizion*' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=transition

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=transizione

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=transizioni

Keywords: gst, intermittency, turbulence, transition

# gst: apropos of 'transitions', liquid-liquid transitions within a one- component system

<< For a long time, the liquid state of pure substances was believed to be a continuous state in which the component atoms or molecules are all equivalent. However, it has now been widely shown that there can be multiple phases within liquids, even those containing only one component. >>

AA << have devised a model based on two factors that describe the ordering of the liquid; the density, and the local organization of the liquid atoms or molecules at a particular point. >>

<< Our Ginzburg-Landau-type model evaluates the system using two order parameters; one that is conserved-density; and one that is not- local structural order (..) What we found was that the growth of the liquid domain we studied was affected by density changes that cause hydrodynamic fluctuations. >> Kyohei Takae.

<< It was shown that when the density changes as a result of the phase transition, hydrodynamic flow is induced leading to changes in both the rate of domain growth and the long-range interaction between the domains. Hydrodynamic interaction was therefore found to be critical to LLT (liquid-liquid transitions) and the pattern evolution and kinetics. >>

But what about flow? The effect of hydrodynamics on liquid-liquid transitions. University of Tokyo. Feb 10, 2020.

https://phys.org/news/2020-02-effect-hydrodynamics-liquid-liquid-transitions.html

Kyohei Takae, Hajime Tanaka. Role of hydrodynamics in liquid–liquid transition of a single-component substance. PNAS. 117 (9) 4471-4479. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1911544117. Mar 3, 2020.

https://www.pnas.org/content/117/9/4471

Also

more on the weirdness of water, "T" and "non-T" Tetrahedral arrangements. Feb 5, 2020. 

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2020/02/chem-more-on-weirdness-of-water-t-and.html

Also

keyword 'transition/al' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=transition

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=transitional

keyword 'transizione/i' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=transizione

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=transizioni

keyword 'transizionale/i' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=transizionale

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=transizionali

# gst: apropos of bubbles, the case of bubbles collapsing near a wall.

AA << study examines the pressure exerted by a cavitation bubble collapsing near a rigid wall. A laser-generated bubble in a water basin undergoes growth, collapse, second growth, and final collapse. Shock waves and liquid jets from non-spherical collapses are influenced by the stand-off ratio γ, defined as the bubble centroid distance from the wall divided by the bubble radius. (AA) detail shock mechanisms, such as tip or torus collapse, for various γ values. High-speed and Schlieren imaging visualize the microjet and shock waves. The microjet's evolution is tracked for large γ, while shock waves are captured in composite images showing multiple shock positions. Quantitative analyses of the microjet interface, shock wave velocities, and impact times are reported. Wall-mounted sensors and a needle hydrophone measure pressure and compare with high-speed observations to assess the dominant contributions to pressure changes with γ, revealing implications for cavitation erosion mechanisms. >>️

Roshan Kumar Subramanian, Zhidian Yang, et al. Bubble collapse near a wall. Part 1: An experimental study on the impact of shock waves and microjet on the wall pressure. arXiv: 2408.03479v2 [physics.flu-dyn]. Aug 8, 2024. 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.03479

Also: bubble, drop, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: gst, bubble, bubble collapse 

# gst: elastomers fail from the edge.

<< The performance of soft devices is limited by the fracture resistance of elastomers. (..) A key observation is that thicker elastomers can be significantly tougher than thinner ones. (AA) show that this surprising toughness enhancement in thick samples emerges from the 3D geometry of the fracture process. In contrast to the classical picture of a 2D crack, failure is driven by the growth of two separate “edge” cracks that nucleate early on at a sample’s sides. As loading is increased, these cracks propagate in towards the sample midplane. When they merge, samples reach their ultimate failure strength. In thicker samples, edge cracks need to propagate farther before meeting, resulting in increased sample toughness. (AA) demonstrate that edge-crack growth is controlled by the elastomer’s strain-stiffening properties. >>

️

Nan Xue, Rong Long, Eric R. Dufresne, Robert W. Style. Elastomers Fail from the Edge. Phys. Rev. X 14, 011054. March 22, 2024. 

https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.011054

Also: elastic, crack, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: gst, elastic, crack, elastomers, fracture

# s-ageing: the long (and slow) life of Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) ...

<< Greenland  sharks  live  at  least  as  long  as 400  years,  and  they  reach  sexual  maturity at  the  age  of  about  150,  a  new  study reports.  The  results  place  Greenland sharks  as  the  longest-lived  vertebrates  on Earth.  The  Greenland  shark  (Somniosus microcephalus)  is  widely  distributed across  the  North  Atlantic,  with  adults reaching  lengths  of  400  to  500  centimeters (13  to  16  feet).  The  biology  of  the Greenland  shark  is  poorly  understood,  yet their  extremely  slow  growth  rates,  at  about 1  cm per  year,  hint  that  these  fish  benefit from  exceptional  longevity. >>

AAAS. Winner  of  the  longest-lived  vertebrate award  goes  to... Public release 11-Aug-2016

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-08/aaft-wot080816.php

Julius  Nielsen, Rasmus B. Hedeholm, et al.  Eye  lens  radiocarbon  reveals  centuries  of  longevity  in  the  Greenland  shark  (Somniosus microcephalus). Science. 12  Aug  2016: Vol.  353,  Issue  6300,  pp.  702-704 DOI:  10.1126/science.aaf1703.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf1703

# gst: observing the crystallization process in a droplet

<< Crystallization is the assembly of atoms or molecules into highly ordered solid crystals, which occurs in natural, biological, and artificial systems. However, crystallization in confined spaces, such as the formation of the protein shell of a virus, is poorly understood. Researchers are trying to control the structure of the final crystal formed in a confined space to obtain crystals with desired properties, which requires thorough knowledge of the crystallization process. >>

AA << used a droplet of a colloid—a dispersion of liquid particles in another liquid, like milk—as a model for single atoms or molecules in a sphere. Unlike single atoms or molecules, which are too small to easily observe, the colloid particles were large enough to visualize using a microscope. This allowed the researchers to track the ordering of single particles in real time during crystallization. >>

<< We visualized the organization process of colloid particles in numerous droplets under different conditions to provide a picture of the crystallization process in a sphere, >> Peng Tan

<< Based on their observations, the team proposed that the crystallization process involved three stages: initial ordering on the surface "skin" of the droplet, nucleation and growth in the core of the droplet, and then slow ripening of the whole structure. First, a skin consisting of a single layer of ordered colloid particles rapidly formed on the droplet surface. Next, crystallization occurred in the core of the droplet, far from the crystallized skin. The competition between crystallization in these two regions controlled the structure of the final crystal. The researchers found that the "soft" (long-range) interactions between the negatively charged colloid particles affected their organization and the resulting crystal structure. These soft interactions are dominated by kinetics, that is, the interactions that form the fastest, rather than those that use the least energy to give the thermodynamically stable structure, illustrating that kinetics plays an important role in crystallization in a confined space. It was already known that thermodynamics contributes strongly to the final structure of crystals. >>

Having a ball: Crystallization in a sphere. University of Tokyo. Sep 21, 2020.

https://phys.org/news/2020-09-ball-crystallization-sphere.html

Chen Y., Yao Z., et al. Morphology selection kinetics of crystallization in a sphere. Nat. Phys. doi: 10.1038/ s41567-020-0991-9. Sep 21, 2020.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-020-0991-9

Also

Control of material crystallization by agitation. Osaka University. Jun 08, 2017.

https://phys.org/news/2017-06-material-crystallization-agitation.html

keyword 'drop' or 'droplet' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=drop

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=droplet

# gst: scrambling does not necessitate chaos.

<< Focusing on semiclassical systems, (AA) show that the parametrically long exponential growth of out-of-time order correlators (OTOCs), also known as scrambling, does not necessitate chaos. Indeed, scrambling can simply result from the presence of unstable fixed points in phase space, even in an integrable model. >>

Tianrui Xu, Thomas Scaffidi, Xiangyu Cao. Does scrambling equal chaos? arXiv:1912.11063v1 [cond-mat.stat-mech] Dec 23, 2019.

https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.11063

# s-gst-apopt: a particular form of "orchestrated death"

<< The most aggressive form of pancreatic cancer -- often described as one of the hardest malignancies to diagnose and treat -- thrives in the presence of neighboring tumor cells undergoing a particular form of "orchestrated cell death."  >>

<< Our findings are the first to show that cancer cell death via necroptosis  [programmed  necrosis] can actually promote tumor growth, as this process results in suppression of the body's immune response against the cancer, (..) what is equally significant is that these findings might also be relevant to other tumor types. >>

<< This  study  exemplifies  the  importance  of  examining  cancer  within  the  actual  context  in  which  it grows (..) In  our  initial  studies,  inhibiting  necroptosis  in  PDAC [pancreatic  ductal  adenocarcinoma] cells  increased  their  ability  to  grow  in tissue  culture.  However,  when  we  began  to  study  the  same  process  in  mice,  we  were  surprised to  see  just  the  opposite  effect,  and  this  was  mainly  due  to  the  immune  response  of  the  cells surrounding  the  tumor. >>

NYU LANGONE MEDICAL CENTER / NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. Cell  death  mechanism  may  -  paradoxically  -  enable aggressive  pancreatic  cells  to  live  on. 22-Apr-2016

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-04/nlmc-cdm042216.php

Lena  Seifert , Gregor  Werba, et al. The  necrosome  promotes  pancreatic  oncogenesis via  CXCL1  and  Mincle-induced  immune  suppression. Nature 532, 245–249 (14 April 2016) doi:10.1038/nature17403.

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7598/full/nature17403.html

# gst: the auto assembly of a drop (from thermal capillary waves)

<< after single or multiple bridges form due to the presence of thermal capillary waves, the bridge growth commences in a thermal regime. Here, the bridges expand linearly in time much faster than the viscous-capillary speed due to collective molecular jumps near the bridge fronts. Transition to the classical hydrodynamic regime only occurs once the bridge radius exceeds a thermal length scale l_(T) ~ sqrt(Radius). >>

Sreehari Perumanath, Matthew K. Borg, et al. Droplet Coalescence is Initiated by Thermal Motion. Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 104501 Mar 13, 2019.

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.104501

Supercomputer sheds light on how droplets merge. University of Edinburgh. Mar 20, 2019.

https://m.phys.org/news/2019-03-supercomputer-droplets-merge.html

# s-gene-biotech: the first designer minimal cell JCVI-syn3.0

<< "It doesn’t do anything magical rather than live, eat, and self-replicate,” Venter [@JCVenter]  says. But it is, he says, “the first designer organism in history" >>

Matthew Herper. After 20 Year Quest, Biologists Create Synthetic Bacteria With No Extra Genes. Mar 24, 2016 02:00 PM

http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2016/03/24/bio-maverick-craig-venter-hacks-bacteria-to-have-tiniest-possible-genetic-code/

<<  JCVI-syn3.0 is a working approximation of a minimal cellular genome, a compromise between small genome size and a workable growth rate for an experimental organism. It retains almost all the genes that are involved in the synthesis and processing of macromolecules. Unexpectedly, it also contains 149 genes with unknown biological functions, suggesting the presence of undiscovered functions that are essential for life. >>

Clyde A. Hutchison III, Ray-Yuan Chuang, et al. Design and synthesis of a minimal bacterial genome. Science  25 Mar 2016: Vol. 351, Issue 6280, DOI: 10.1126/science.aad6253

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6280/aad6253

# gst: the strangeness of networks, the hypothesis of a connection between the kinetics of networks and anomalous transport theory.

<< Many real-world networks change over time. Think, for example, of social interactions, gene activation in a cell, or strategy making in financial markets, where connections and disconnections occur all the time. >>

AA team << has gained groundbreaking insights into this problem by recasting the discrete dynamics of a network as a continuous time series (..). In doing so, the researchers have discovered that if the breaking and forming of links are represented as a particle moving in a suitable geometric space, then its motion is subdiffusive—that is, slower than it would be if it diffused normally. What’s more, the particles’ motions are well described by fractional Brownian motion, a generalization of Einstein’s classic model. This feat establishes a profound connection between the kinetics of time-varying or “temporal” networks and anomalous transport theory, opening fresh prospects for developing predictive equations of motion for networks. >>️

Ivan Bonamassa. Strange Kinetics Shape Network Growth. Physics 17, 96. Jun 17, 2024.

https://physics.aps.org/articles/v17/96

Evangelos S. Papaefthymiou, Costas Iordanou, Fragkiskos Papadopoulos. Fundamental Dynamics of Popularity-Similarity Trajectories in Real Networks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 257401. Jun 17, 2024. 

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.257401

Also: network, transition, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: gst, network, transition

# p-trade: a completely counter-cyclical institution

<<  Knowledge@Wharton:  Of  all  the  things  that  you  do  here,  what  are  you  most passionate  about?  What  would  you  really  like  to  make  sure  happens?  It  could  be a  small  thing,  it  could  be  a  large  thing.  What  is  it  that  really  has  your  heart?

Lagarde:  That’s  complicated.  I  think  it’s  this  issue  of  relevance  …  that  is  of  real concern  to  me.  You  see,  this  is  a  very  fascinating  institution  because  it’s completely  counter-cyclical.  When  the  world  around  the  IMF  goes  downhill,  we thrive.  We  become  extremely  active  because  we  lend  money,  we  earn  interest and  charges  and  all  the  rest  of  it,  and  the  institution  does  well.  When  the  world goes  well  and  we’ve  had  years  of  growth,  as  was  the  case  back  in  2006  and 2007, the IMF doesn’t do so well both financially and otherwise. >>

Knowledge@Wharton. Christine Lagarde: Emerging Market Nations Will Get More Power in the IMF. Apr 03,  2012

http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/christine-lagarde-emerging-market-nations-will-get-more-power-in-the-imf/

Tyler Durden. IMF’s Christine Lagarde: “When The World Goes Downhill, We Thrive”. Global Research, April 03, 2016

http://www.globalresearch.ca/imfs-christine-lagarde-when-the-world-goes-downhill-we-thrive/5518214

more:

http://flashontrack.blogspot.it/2016/04/p-eu-trade-ipotesi-e-vaticinio-di-chaos.html

# gst: apropos of transitions: effects of random waves interacting with a coherent structure

<< Solitary waves interacting with random (..) waves (..) are studied. Two opposing types of dynamics are identified: First, the random thermal waves can erode the solitary wave; second, this structure can grow as a result of this interaction. These two types of behavior depend on a dynamical property of the solitary wave (its angular frequency), and on a statistical property of the thermal waves (the chemical potential). >>

<< Either process leads to an increase of the wave entropy. >>

Yuanting Chen, Benno Rumpf. Growth or decay of a coherent structure interacting with random waves. Phys. Rev. E 104, 034213. Sep 15, 2021.

https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.104.034213

Also

keyword 'waves' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=waves

keyword 'onda' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=onda

# gst: NS3, how viruses self-cripple their genome replication machinery

<< An interdisciplinary team of researchers (..) has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. Based on their research, the team said these viruses appear to cripple their own genome replication machinery.  >>

<< Nonstructural Protein 3 - or NS3 - in flaviviruses, (..) cause a number of diseases in humans. NS3 is a key enzyme that these viruses use to copy their genomes. >>

<< Most vaccines are developed by finding random mutations that slow down virus growth, (..) By understanding how viral enzymes like NS3 work in great detail, we can use that information to rationally design new mutant viruses that replicate less well and act better as a vaccine, without having to rely on chance to make the vaccine. This can help develop vaccines more rapidly and precisely. >> Brian Geiss.

New details on how a viral protein puts the brakes on virus replication. Colorado State University.  Feb 7, 2020.

https://m.phys.org/news/2020-02-viral-protein-virus-replication.html

Kelly E. Du Pont, Russell B. Davidson,  et al. Motif V regulates energy transduction between the flavivirus NS3 ATPase and RNA-binding cleft. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, 1551-1564. Feb 7, 2020.

http://m.jbc.org/content/295/6/1551

Also

keyword 'NS3 enzyme' in ncbi

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/?term=NS3+enzyme