# gst: even a single bubble can produce creative musical outcomes

<< Producing original and arranging existing musical outcomes is an art that takes years of learning and practice to master. Yet, despite the constant advances in the field of AI-powered musical creativity, production of quality musical outcomes remains a prerogative of the humans. Here we demonstrate that a single bubble in water can be used to produce creative musical outcomes, when it nonlinearly oscillates under an acoustic pressure signal that encodes a piece of classical music. >>️

Ivan S. Maksymov. Musical creativity enabled by nonlinear oscillations of a bubble in water. arXiv:2304.00822v1 [cs.SD]. Apr 3, 2023. 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.00822

keyword "bubble" in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=bubble

Keywords: gst, ai, fluid dynamics, bubble, sound, music, audio processing

# brain: jazzy perceptions inside, there’s more to all the noise; even in the dark, neurons of the visual cortex chat

<< Scientists are now rethinking how they study and conceive of perception. >>

<< At every moment, neurons whisper, shout, sputter and sing, filling the brain with a dizzying cacophony of voices. Yet many of those voices don’t seem to be saying anything meaningful at all. They register as habitual echoes of noise, not signal; as static, not discourse. >>️

<< But over the past decade, that view has changed. (..) There’s more to all the noise, scientists realized, than they had assumed. >>️

<< Now, by analyzing both the neural activity and the behavior of mice in unprecedented detail, researchers have revealed a surprising explanation for much of that variability: Throughout the brain, even in low-level sensory areas like the visual cortex, neurons encode information about far more than their immediately relevant task. They also babble about whatever other behaviors the animal happens to be engaging in, even trivial ones — the twitch of a whisker, the flick of a hind leg. Those simple gestures aren’t just present in the neural activity. They dominate it. >>️

<< Our brains aren’t just thinking in our heads. Our brains are interacting with our bodies and the way that we move through the world. >> Cris Niell. 

<< Wait — maybe the brain isn’t noisy. Maybe it’s actually much more precise than we thought, >> David McCormick️.️

Jordana Cepelewicz. ‘Noise’ in the Brain Encodes Surprisingly Important Signals. Quantamag. Nov 7, 2019. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/noise-in-the-brains-vision-areas-encodes-body-movements-20191107/

Salkoff DB, Zagha E, McCarthy E, McCormick DA. Movement and Performance Explain Widespread Cortical Activity in a Visual Detection Task. Cereb Cortex. 2020 Jan 10;30(1):421-437. doi: 10.1093/ cercor/bhz206. 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31711133/

Also

keyword 'perception' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=perception

keyword 'percezione' | 'percezioni' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=percezione

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=percezioni

keyword 'error' | 'fuzzy' | 'noise'  in FonT 

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=error

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=fuzzy

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=noise

keywords 'errore' | 'errori' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=errore

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=errori

keyword 'jazz' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=jazz

keyword 'jazz' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry):

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=jazz

Keywords: brain, perception, visual cortex, noise

# gst: weird Nature; randomly arranged nanowire networks seem to behave, at the edge of chaos, like cortical neuronal cultures

<< an artificial network of nanowires can be tuned to respond in a brain-like way when electrically stimulated. >>️

<< If the signal stimulating the network was too low, then the pathways were too predictable and orderly and did not produce complex enough outputs to be useful. If the electrical signal overwhelmed the network, the output was completely chaotic and useless for problem solving. The optimal signal for producing a useful output was at the edge of this chaotic state. >>️

<< Some theories in neuroscience suggest the human mind could operate at this edge of chaos, or what is called the critical state, (..) Some neuroscientists think it is in this state where we achieve maximal brain performance. (..) What's so exciting about this result is that it suggests that these types of nanowire networks can be tuned into regimes with diverse, brain-like collective dynamics, which can be leveraged to optimize information processing. >> Zdenka Kuncic.️

<< In the nanowire network the junctions between the wires allow the system to incorporate memory and operations into a single system. This is unlike standard computers, which separate memory (RAM) and operations (CPUs). >>

<< These junctions act like computer transistors but with the additional property of remembering that signals have traveled that pathway before. As such, they are called 'memristors', >> Joel Hochstetter.

️

'Edge of chaos' opens pathway to artificial intelligence discoveries. University of Sydney. Jun 29, 2021.

https://phys.org/news/2021-06-edge-chaos-pathway-artificial-intelligence.html

Joel Hochstetter, Ruomin Zhu, et al. Avalanches and edge-of-chaos learning in neuromorphic nanowire networks. Nat Commun 12, 4008. doi: 10.1038/ s41467-021-24260-z. Jun 29, 2021.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-24260-z

#life: reliability, deception and lies of a signal (among the Siberian jay Perisoreus infaustus)

<< Deception and lies are surprising aspects of human communication and the use of language in which false information is intentionally communicated to others, allowing an individual to gain an advantage over the recipient of such false information. However, language is actually highly pro-social and cooperative and is mainly used to share reliable information. >>️

<< a number of species are able to deceive their conspecifics, including some species of primates and birds like the Siberian jay (Perisoreus infaustus). Siberian jays live in territorial groups and have an elaborate communication system: A wide range of calls allow them to warn each other of the presence of different predators as well as the behaviour of their fiercest enemy, the hawk. >>

<< Occasionally, however, neighbours intruding into a group's territory use the same calls that would otherwise indicate the presence of a perched hawk for a different purpose. Their aim is to deceive the members of the group about the presence of the predator, thus scaring them away to get access to their food.  >>

<< It is a commonly observed phenomenon in the animal kingdom that warning calls are used to deceive others. Clearly, the recipients of the false information potentially pay a high price if they ignore the warning, >>  Filipe Cunha. 

<< Siberian jays thus have a simple rule to avoid being tricked: They only trust the warning calls from members of their own group, meaning cooperation partners. Familiarity alone is not enough, otherwise the birds would also have trusted the calls of their neighbours, >> Michael Griesser. ️

Daniel Schmidtke. Trust among corvids. University of Konstanz. Jun 1, 2021. 

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/06/210601135719.htm

Filipe C. R. Cunha, Michael Griesser. Who do you trust? Wild birds use social knowledge to avoid being deceived. Science Advances. Vol. 7, no. 22, eaba2862. doi: 10.1126/ sciadv.aba2862. May 28, 2021. 

https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/22/eaba2862    

Also

2068 - chaotic probabilities. 

(quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2006/10/2068-chaotic-probabilities.html

keyword "fake" in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=fake

# gst: an atomic imaging of a (slow) crack

AA << successfully imaged the snapping of individual atomic bonds in a one-atom-thick sheet of rhenium disulfide ( ReS2) using scanning transmission electron microscopy. (STEM) >>

<< Because of its unusual chemistry, Re forms a 2D lattice with "lanes" that guide cracks, allowing the cracks to propagate with ease. The heavy element also efficiently deflects electrons, providing the signal needed to gain clear images. The study is a remarkable example of how a specific material can provide insight into the universal behavior of matter. >>

<< Because of its strong scattering, ReS2 provides an ideal target for STEM. (Interestingly, tungsten, the periodic-table neighbor of Re, has just one fewer proton and is routinely used in electron microscopy to stain viruses and bacterial flagella.)  >>

<< By measuring the deformation of the lattice around the crack, the team showed that the tearing stresses were concentrated around the crack tip. The stresses then decayed as the inverse square root of the distance from the tip, a finding that matches predictions for macroscopic materials. Using these measurements, the team defined a stress intensity threshold for cracks to propagate. >>

<< The images taken by Huang and colleagues used seconds-long exposure times, meaning they could only follow the propagation of the slowest crack (those that moved at a few angstroms per second). There is much interest in how faster cracks behave, as these cracks are subject to instabilities, meaning they can deviate from a straight line or form branches, for example. To observe faster cracks, future experiments could use reduced exposure times. >>

Itamar Kolvin. Atomic Imaging of Cracks. Physics 13, 193. Dec 9, 2020. 

https://physics.aps.org/articles/v13/193

Lingli Huang, Fangyuan Zheng, et al. In Situ Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Observations of Fracture at the Atomic Scale. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 246102. Dec 9, 2020.

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.246102

Also

(+)  the intriguing dynamics of a crack. Nov 7, 2017. 

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2017/11/gst-intriguing-dynamics-of-crack.html

(+) multiple cracks, simultaneously ... Oct 23, 2016.

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2016/10/s-gst-multiple-cracks-simultaneously.html

(+) onda criptica. May 22, 2005 (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2005/05/1641b-onda-criptica.html

(+) keyword "fracture" in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=fracture

# gst: to reach detectability of a weak signal, they add background noise

<< In contrast to most sensors, for which noise is a problem that should be suppressed, (AA) found that adding just the right amount of background noise can actually increase a signal too weak for sensing by normal sensors, to a level that can reach detectability. >>

Walt Mills. To make a better sensor, just add noise. Pennsylvania State University. Sep 03, 2020. 

https://phys.org/news/2020-09-sensor-noise.html   

<< In this article, (AA) adopt a radical approach for next generation ultra-low-power sensor design by embracing the evolutionary success of animals with extraordinary sensory information processing capabilities that allow them to survive in extreme and resource constrained environments. Stochastic resonance (SR) is one of those astounding phenomena, where noise, which is considered detrimental for electronic circuits and communication systems, plays a constructive role in the detection of weak signals. >>

Akhil Dodda, Aaryan Oberoi, et al. 

Stochastic resonance in MoS2 photodetector. Nat Commun 11, 4406 (2020). doi: 10.1038/ s41467-020-18195-0. Sep 2, 2020.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18195-0   

Also 

keyword 'noise' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=noise

Also 

plus ambiguity and noise. Notes. Jul 06, 2007  (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2007/07/2136-plus-ambiguity-and-noise.html

# gst: a simple signal to drive complex dynamics

<< a developmental signaling pattern can be erased and replaced with a synthetic, patterned stimulus. (..) unlike pharmacological or genetic perturbations, light can be applied and removed quickly, focused with high spatial precision, or shaped into arbitrary spatial patterns. (AA) found that a simple all-or-none blue light stimulus, delivered to the embryonic termini, is sufficient to convert a lethal loss-of-function phenotype to rescue the full Drosophila life cycle: embryogenesis; larval development; pupation; adulthood; and fecundity. >>

<<  Such optical control over development could be used to probe cell and tissue-level regulation, engineer tissue organization, and correct developmental defects. >>

Heath E. Johnson, Nareg J.V. Djabrayan, et al. Optogenetic Rescue of a Patterning Mutant. Current Biology. 30, 1-11. doi: 10.1016/ j.cub.2020.06.059. Jul 23, 2020. 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960982220309118

Complex developmental patterns are under the control of surprisingly simple signals. Princeton University. Jul 23, 2020.

https://phys.org/news/2020-07-complex-developmental-patterns-surprisingly-simple.html   

Also

keyword 'signal' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=signal

keyword 'signal' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=signal

# behav: persistent neuronal firing during flight in flies, like a pulsating gambler who has to decide quickly

<< A general principle of sensory systems is that they adapt to prolonged stimulation by reducing their response over time. >>

<< as opposed to most sensory and visual neurons, and in particular to the motion vision sensitive neurons in the brains of both flies and mammals, the descending neurons show little adaption during stimulus motion. (..) the optic-flow-sensitive descending neurons display persistent firing, or an after-effect, following the cessation of visual stimulation, consistent with the lingering calcium signal hypothesis. >>

AA results << show a combination of adaptation and persistent firing in the neurons that project to the thoracic ganglia and thereby control behavioral output. >>

Sarah Nicholas, Karin Nordstrom. Persistent Firing and Adaptation in Optic-Flow-Sensitive Descending Neurons. Curr Biol. doi: 10.1016/ j.cub.2020.05.019. May 28, 2020.

https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(20)30658-8

Revealing how flies make decisions on the fly to survive. Flinders University. May 28, 2020

https://phys.org/news/2020-05-revealing-flies-decisions-survive.html

Also

the flexible mental maps of flies. FonT. Nov 21, 2019. 

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2019/11/brain-flexible-mental-maps-of-flies.html

<< Considerando invece l' immagine classica della "mosca nella bottiglia", >>  in: 2066 - voli a casaccio. Notes. (quasi-stochastic poetry). Oct 01, 2006.

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2006/10/2066-voli-casaccio.html

# lang: information management (encoding reliability) in bird communications (among wild redbreasted nuthatches, Sitta canadensis)

<< Every social network has its fake news. And in animal communication networks, even birds discern the trustworthiness of their neighbors, >>

<< This is the first time people have shown that nuthatches are paying attention to the source of information, and that influences the signal they produce and send along, (..) Everybody is listening to everybody else in the woods, >> Erick Greene.

Courtney Brockman. Researchers study how birds retweet news. University of Montana. Feb 14, 2020. 

https://m.phys.org/news/2020-02-birds-retweet-news.html

<< nuthatches discriminate between direct and indirect, or public information, and this is reflected in the acoustic structure of their alarm calls. >>

Nora V Carlson, Erick Greene,  Christopher N Templeton. Nuthatches vary their alarm calls based upon the source of the eavesdropped signals. 

Nat Commun 11, 526. Jan 27, 2020.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-14414-w

Also

the question is: Humans vs Woodstock, who is the smarter? Jun 26, 2016.

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2016/06/s-brain-question-is-humans-vs-parrots.html

keyword 'bird' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=bird

# gst: counterintuitively, even complex processes can be hidden inside flat power spectra

<< Power spectral densities are a common, convenient, and powerful way to analyze signals. So much so that they are now broadly deployed across the sciences and engineering - from quantum physics to cosmology, and from crystallography to neuroscience to speech recognition. The features they reveal not only identify prominent signal-frequencies but also hint at mechanisms that generate correlation and lead to resonance. Despite their near-centuries-long run of successes in signal analysis, here (AA) show that flat power spectra can be generated by highly complex processes, effectively hiding all inherent structure in complex signals.  >>

P. M. Riechers, J. P. Crutchfield.  Fraudulent White Noise: Flat power spectra belie arbitrarily complex processes.   arXiv:1908.11405v1 [cond-mat.stat-mech] Aug 29, 2019.   https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.11405

# evol: echolocation, a prime example of convergent evolution

<< Echolocation is a prime example of convergent evolution, the independent gain of similar features in species of different lineages. >>

<< Distantly related species entering similar biological niches often adapt by evolving similar morphological and physiological characters. How much genomic molecular convergence (particularly of highly constrained coding sequence) contributes to convergent phenotypic evolution, such as echolocation in bats and whales, is a long-standing fundamental question.  >>

AA << find that the gene set most overrepresented (q-value = 2.2e-3) with convergent substitutions in echolocators, affecting 18 genes, regulates development of the cochlear ganglion, a structure with empirically supported relevance to echolocation. >>

Amir Marcovitz, Yatish Turakhia, et al. A functional enrichment test for molecular convergent evolution finds a clear protein-coding signal in echolocating bats and whales.
PNAS doi: 10.1073/pnas.1818532116   Sep 30, 2019    https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2019/09/27/1818532116 

Krista Conger. Scientists uncover genetic similarities among species that use sound to navigate. Stanford University Medical Center. Oct 4, 2019.   https://m.phys.org/news/2019-10-scientists-uncover-genetic-similarities-species.html

# gst: the hypothesis to optimize multiplicative noise to enhance a signal-to-noise ratio

AA << study simple integrate-and-fire type models with multiplicative noise and consider the transmission of a weak and slow signal, >>

<< The specific question of interest is whether and how the state-dependence of the noise can be optimized with respect to information transmission >>

<< also in a biophysically more relevant situation, multiplicative noise can enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (..) results shed light on a so far unexplored aspect of stochastic signal transmission in neural systems. >>

Jonathan Bauermann Benjamin Lindner. Multiplicative noise is beneficial for the transmission of sensory signals in simple neuron models. Biosystems. Volume 178, Apr 2019, Pages 25-31. doi: 10.1016/ j.biosystems.2019.02.002

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0303264718303861

# sec: adversarial audio attacks; small sound perturbations to hack a Machine Learning model and remedies

<< Adversarial audio attacks can be considered as a small perturbation unperceptive to human ears that is intentionally added to the audio signal and causes a machine learning model to make mistakes. >>

Mohammad Esmaeilpour, Patrick Cardinal, Alessandro Lameiras Koerich. A Robust Approach for Securing Audio Classification Against Adversarial Attacks. arXiv:1904.10990 [cs.LG] Apr 24, 2019.

https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.10990

Ingrid Fadelli. An approach for securing audio classification against adversarial attacks. May 7, 2019.

https://m.techxplore.com/news/2019-05-approach-audio-classification-adversarial.html

# acad aibot: the real success (also) in scientific research: the automatic search for deviations ...

<< Imagine that you have a lot of data, but you do not really know what you are looking for. So what do you do? In that case you use a computer that automatically searches for deviations. >>

Search engine for new breakthroughs in physics. Radboud University.  Feb 19, 2019

https://m.phys.org/news/2019-02-breakthroughs-physics.html

M. Aaboud, G. Aad, et al. A strategy for a general search for new phenomena using data-derived signal regions and its application within the ATLAS experiment. The European Physical Journal C (2019). doi: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-6540-y

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-019-6540-y

# geo: low frequency sounds that resemble the shape of the tornillo seismic waves

AA << characterize and interpret a new type of infrasound signal originating from the summit of Volcán Cotopaxi (Ecuador) >>

<< This infrasound waveform is a slowly decaying sinusoid with exceptional low‐frequency (..) and high quality factor (..) and resembles the shape of tornillo seismic waveforms. >>

Johnson JB,  Ruiz MC, et al. Infrasound Tornillos Produced by Volcán Cotopaxi's Deep Crater. Geophysical Research Letters. doi: 10.1029/2018GL077766. Jun 13,  2018.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL077766

Volcano music could help scientists monitor eruptions. American Geophysical Union. Jun 15, 2018.

https://m.phys.org/news/2018-06-volcano-music-scientists-eruptions.html

# brain: strong signals to connect to consciousness

<< Unexpectedly, our model reveals that only when the signal is strong enough, above a threshold level, the signal reaches a large set of areas of the brain region called the prefrontal cortex, which plays a critical role in high-level cognition >> Madhura Joglekar.

James Devitt. From Signal Propagation to Consciousness: A Potential Connection Discovered. Neuroscience News. Mar 22, 2018.

http://neurosciencenews.com/consciousness-signal-propagation-8674/amp/  

Madhura R. Joglekar, Jorge F. Mejias, et al. Inter-areal Balanced Amplification Enhances Signal Propagation in a Large-Scale Circuit Model of the Primate Cortex. Neuron.
doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.02.031.
Mar 22, 2018.

http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(18)30152-1

# behav: a form of modified oxytocin (a molecule of love), with less adverse effects

<< Oxytocin is clinically used to induce labor, and there is interest in using this peptide to treat social disorders. However, oxytocin triggers adverse cardiovascular side effects  >>

AA << generated ligands based on oxytocin with subtle modifications >>

this new molecular form << reduced social fear in mice and induced contractile activity in human myometrial strips without affecting cultured cardiomyocytes >>

Markus Muttenthaler, Asa Andersson, et al.  Subtle modifications to oxytocin produce ligands that retain potency and improved selectivity across species. Sci. Signal.  2017; 10 (508): eaan3398. 10.1126/scisignal.aan3398. Dec 05, 2017.

http://stke.sciencemag.org/content/10/508/eaan3398

Scientists create molecule of love with less complications. Dec 12, 2017.

https://m.phys.org/news/2017-12-scientists-molecule-complications.html

# behav: even more devious than previously thought

<< The common cuckoo, notorious for evading parental duty by hiding her eggs in the nests of other brooding birds, is even more devious than previously thought >>

Scientists expose true extent of cuckoo's cunning. Sept 4, 2017

https://m.phys.org/news/2017-09-scientists-expose-true-extent-cuckoo.html

<< Parasites evolve not only to evade host defences but also to manipulate host behaviour >>

AA << test whether a brood parasitic cuckoo manipulates host perception of predation risk using an acoustic signal—a hawk-like call—that might misdirect host defences and thereby reduce the chance that hosts detect parasitism >>

AA << propose that the female cuckoo chuckle call tricks the hosts into responding vigilantly as if they were exposed to danger from a hawk, instead of from a cuckoo. This would divert host attention from clutch protection to self-protection, and so reduce the chance of the hosts detecting that they have been parasitized >>

Jenny E. York, Nicholas B. Davies. Female cuckoo calls misdirect host defences towards the wrong enemy. Nature Ecology & Evolution. Sept 4, 2017 doi: 10.1038/s41559-017-0279-3

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0279-3

# s-evol: a noise effect inside: new species pulsating by chance instead of ...

<< W. Andrew Barr, a visiting assistant professor of anthropology, published a report that says it's possible the pulse of new species could have occurred by chance and might not be directly related to climate change >>

Researcher's paper challenges the claim that the genus Homo originated in response to environmental changes. Aug 4, 2017

https://m.phys.org/news/2017-08-paper-genus-homo-response-environmental.html

W. Andrew Barr. Signal or noise? A null model method for evaluating the significance of turnover pulses. Paleobiology 2017 doi: 10.1017/pab.2017.21 Publ. online: 31 July 2017

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/paleobiology/article/signal-or-noise-a-null-model-method-for-evaluating-the-significance-of-turnover-pulses/17FBC5F2A96CA2BA0657A2E411170EAB#

also

<< "Nell' Arte tutto e', o dovrebbe essere, un esperimento". Gill Evans. >>

2127 - enigmistiche tonalita'. March 23, 2007

http://inkpi.blogspot.it/2007/03/2127-enigmistiche-tonalita.html

# s-astro: exploring the sea of ‘noise’ to understand intricacies

<< Rather than trying to filter out the signal “noise” from stars around which exoplanets are orbiting, (AA) studied all of the signal information together to understand the intricacies within its structure >>

Jim Shelton. Searching a sea of ‘noise’ to find exoplanets — using only data as a guide.  Dec. 20, 2016

http://news.yale.edu/2016/12/20/searching-sea-noise-find-exoplanets-using-only-data-guide

Sahil Agarwal, Fabio Del Sordo and John S. Wettlaufer. Exoplanetary Detection by  multifractal spectral analysis. Publ. 2016  Dec.  20, 2016. The  Astronomical  Journal, Volume  153, Number  1;  doi 10.3847/1538-3881/153/1/12

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/153/1/12