# gst: ambiguous signals and efficient codes.

<< In many biological networks the responses of individual elements are ambiguous. (AA) consider a scenario in which many sensors respond to a shared signal, each with limited information capacity, and ask that the outputs together convey as much information as possible about an underlying relevant variable. In a low noise limit where can make analytic progress, (They) show that individually ambiguous responses optimize overall information transmission. >>

Marianne Bauer, William Bialek. Ambiguous signals and efficient codes. arXiv: 2512.23531v1 [physics.bio-ph]. Dec 29, 2025. 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.23531

Also: network, uncertainty, noise, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: gst, networks, uncertainty, noise, ambiguity, ambiguous encodings, mixed selectivity, optimization, signal-to-noise ratio. 

# brain: meditative absorption shifts brain dynamics toward criticality.

<< ️Criticality describes a regime between order and chaos that supports flexible yet stable information processing. Here (AA) examine whether neural dynamics can be volitionally shifted toward criticality through the self-regulation of attention. >>

<< (They) examined ten experienced practitioners of meditation during a 10-day retreat, comparing refined states of meditative absorption, called the jhanas, to regular mindfulness of breathing. (They) collected electroencephalography (EEG) and physiological data during these practices and quantified the signal's dynamical properties using Lempel-Ziv complexity, signal entropy, chaoticity and long-range temporal correlations. In addition, (They) estimated perturbational sensitivity using a global auditory oddball mismatch negativity (MMN) during meditation. >>

<< ️Relative to mindfulness, jhana was associated with pronounced self-reported sensory fading, slower respiration, higher neural signal diversity across multiple measures, reduced chaoticity, and enhanced MMN amplitude over frontocentral sites. Spectral analyses showed a flatter aperiodic one over f component and a frequency-specific reorganization of long-range temporal correlations. Together, increased diversity with reduced chaoticity and heightened deviance detection indicate a shift toward a metastable, near-critical regime during jhana. >>

<< ️(AA) propose an overlap of the phenomenology of jhana with minimal phenomenal experiences in terms of progressive attenuation of sensory content with preserved tonic alertness. Accordingly, (Their) findings suggest that criticality is a candidate neurophysiological marker of the absorptive, minimal-content dimension of the minimal phenomenal experience. >>

Jonas Mago, Joshua Brahinsky, Mark Miller, et al. Meditative absorption shifts brain dynamics toward criticality. arXiv: 2511.20990v1 [q-bio.NC]. Nov 26, 2025.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.20990

Also: brain, Zen, transition, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: gst, brain, Zen, criticality, transitions, meditation, meditative absorption, jhanas, breathing mindfulness.

# gst: effect of stochasticity on initial transients and chaotic itinerancy for a natural circulation loop.

<< ️The introduction of stochastic forcing to dynamical systems has been shown to induce qualitatively different behaviors, such as attractor hopping, to otherwise stable systems as they approach bifurcation. In this (AA) study, the effect of stochastic forcing on systems that have already undergone bifurcation and evolve on a chaotic attractor is explored. Markov and state-independent models of turbulence-induced stochasticity are developed, and their effects on a natural circulation loop operating in the chaotic regime are compared. >>

<< ️Stochasticity introduces considerable uncertainty into the duration of the initial chaotic transient but tends to accelerate it on average. An Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model of turbulent fluctuations is shown to produce results equivalent to a bootstrapped raw direct numerical simulation signal. >>

<< Similar, though less pronounced, effects are found for systems operating in the chaotic itinerant regime. The Markov model of chaotic itinerancy which is typically applied to this class of problems is shown to be invalid for this system and the Lorenz system, to which it has been applied in the past. >>

<< ️Off-discrete transitions and an upper limit on the time between flow reversals are explained by near misses of the attractor ruins caused by lingering excitation of high-order modes during chaotic itinerancy. >>

John Matulis, Hitesh Bindra. Effect of stochasticity on initial transients and chaotic itinerancy for a natural circulation loop. Phys. Rev. E 112, 044223. Oct 23, 2025

https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/42pn-wttx

Also: disorder & fluctuations, turbulence, attractor, chaos, transition, uncertainty, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: gst, disorder, fluctuations, turbulence, attractor, chaos, transition, uncertainty, stochasticity, flow instability, chaotic itinerancy, noise-induced transitions.

# brain: exploring aperiodic, complexity and entropic brain changes during non-ordinary states of consciousness.

<< ️Non-ordinary states of consciousness (NOC) provide an opportunity to experience highly intense, unique, and perceptually rich subjective states. The neural mechanisms supporting these experiences remain poorly understood. >>

<< ️This (AA) study examined brain activity associated with a self-induced, substance-free NOC known as Auto-Induced Cognitive Trance (AICT). Twenty-seven trained participants underwent high-density electroencephalography (EEG) recordings during rest and AICT. (They) analyzed the aperiodic component of the power spectrum (1/f), Lempel-Ziv complexity, and sample entropy from five-minute signal segments. A machine learning approach was used to classify rest and AICT, identify discriminative features, and localize their sources. >>

<< ️(AA) also compared EEG metrics across conditions and assessed whether baseline activity predicted the magnitude of change during AICT. Classification analyses revealed condition-specific differences in spectral exponents, complexity, and entropy. The aperiodic component showed the strongest discriminative power, followed by entropy and complexity. Source localization highlighted frontal regions, the posterior cingulate cortex, and the left parietal cortex as key contributors to the AICT state. Baseline neural activity in frontal and parietal regions predicted individual variability in the transition from rest to AICT. >>

<< ️These findings indicate that AICT engages brain regions implicated in rich subjective experiences and provide mechanistic insights into how self-induced trance states influence neural functioning. >>

Victor Oswald, Karim Jerbi, et al. Exploring aperiodic, complexity and entropic brain changes during non-ordinary states of consciousness. arXiv: 2509.19254v1 [q-bio.NC]. Sep 23, 2025.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.19254 

Also: brain, Zen, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: brain, consciousness, auto-Induced cognitive trance (AICT), Zen.

# gst: H.v.Foerster's principle revisited, 'allostasis' theory reconsiders 'order through noise'

<< ️The notion of homeostasis typically conceptualises biological and artificial systems as maintaining stability by resisting deviations caused by environmental and social perturbations. In contrast, (social) allostasis proposes that these systems can proactively leverage these very perturbations to reconfigure their regulatory parameters in anticipation of environmental demands, aligning with von Foerster's ``order through noise'' principle. >>

<< ️This (AA) paper formulates a computational model of allostatic and social allostatic regulation that employs biophysiologically inspired signal transducers, analogous to hormones like cortisol and oxytocin, to encode information from both the environment and social interactions, which mediate this dynamic reconfiguration. >>

<< ️ The (AA) results show that allostatic and social allostatic regulation enable agents to leverage environmental and social ``noise'' for adaptive reconfiguration, leading to improved viability compared to purely reactive homeostatic agents. >>

<< ️This (AA) work offers a novel computational perspective on the principles of social allostasis and their potential for designing more robust, bio-inspired, adaptive systems. >>

Imran Khan. [Social] Allostasis: Or, How I Learned To Stop Worrying and Love The Noise. arXiv: 2508.12791v1 [cs.AI]. Aug 18, 2025. 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.12791

Also: noise, transition, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: gst, noise, adaptations, transitions, allostasis, homeostasis, life.

# gst: breakdown of stochastic resonance in complex networks

<< ️In networked systems, stochastic resonance (SR) occurs as a collective phenomenon where the entire stochastic network resonates with a weak applied periodic signal. Beyond the interplay among the network coupling, the amplitude of the external periodic signal, and the intensity of stochastic fluctuations, the maintenance of stochastic resonance also crucially depends on the resonance capacity of each oscillator composing the network. This scenario raises the question: Can local defects in the ability of oscillators to resonate break down the stochastic resonance phenomenon in the entire network?  >>

Jonah E. Friederich, Everton S. Medeiros, et al. Breakdown of stochastic resonance in complex networks. Phys. Rev. E 112, 014218. Jul 21, 2025.

https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/fc2t-275m

<< ️First, (AA) found that the combinations of network coupling and noise intensity for the maintenance of SR form tongue-like structures, specifying different optimal values of these parameters depending on the number of non-resonant units. Subsequently, (They) verified that, counter-intuitively, increasing the network coupling intensity causes SR to globally fail in the presence of a few non-resonant oscillators. Additionally, the upper limit of the coupling intensity diminishes as the number of nonresonant units increases. Moreover, (They) observed that for the maintenance of SR in (Their) network, the number of non-resonant oscillators is a nonlinear function of their dissimilarity level. >>

arXiv: 2502.06626v1 [nlin.AO]. Feb 10, 2025. 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.06626

Also: network, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: gst, networks, coupled oscillators, stochasticity, stochastic resonance

# gst: the evasion of tipping; pattern formation near a Turing-fold bifurcation

<< ️Model studies indicate that many climate subsystems, especially ecosystems, may be vulnerable to 'tipping': a 'catastrophic process' in which a system, driven by gradually changing external factors, abruptly transitions (or 'collapses') from a preferred state to a less desirable one. In ecosystems, the emergence of spatial patterns has traditionally been interpreted as a possible 'early warning signal' for tipping. More recently, however, pattern formation has been proposed to serve a fundamentally different role: as a mechanism through which an (eco)system may 'evade tipping' by forming stable patterns that persist beyond the tipping point. >>

<< ️Mathematically, tipping is typically associated with a saddle-node bifurcation, while pattern formation is normally driven by a Turing bifurcation. Therefore, (AA) study the co-dimension 2 Turing-fold bifurcation and investigate the question: 'When can patterns initiated by the Turing bifurcation enable a system to evade tipping?' >>

AA << develop (their) approach for a class of phase-field models and subsequently apply it to -component reaction-diffusion systems -- a class of PDEs often used in ecosystem modeling. (AA) demonstrate that a two-component system of modulation equations governs pattern formation near a Turing-fold bifurcation, and that tipping will be evaded when a critical parameter, β, is positive. (They) derive explicit expressions for β, allowing one to determine whether a given system may evade tipping. Moreover, (They) show numerically that this system exhibits rich behavior, ranging from stable, stationary, spatially quasi-periodic patterns to irregular, spatio-temporal, chaos-like dynamics. >>

Dock Staal, Arjen Doelman. The evasion of tipping: pattern formation near a Turing-fold bifurcation. arXiv: 2506.22251v1 [math.DS]. Jun 27, 2025.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.22251

Also: disorder & fluctuations, transition, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: gst, disorder & fluctuations, pattern formation, Turing-fold bifurcation, transitions, tipping, collapse

# gst: stochastic adaptation, stochastic resonance.

<< Stochastic resonance is a phenomenon possessed by some nonlinear oscillators, in which a weak signal is boosted by noise. Both the monostable and bistable Duffing oscillators can exhibit this property. However, stochastic resonance has a strong frequency-dependence, as only a band of frequencies may be boosted by noise. >>️

<< Adaptive oscillators are a subset of nonlinear oscillators that can learn the features of an external force. (In this AA work), an adaptive state is added to a Duffing oscillator. This adaptive state enables the Duffing adaptive oscillator to outperform stochastic resonance over a wide range of frequencies by learning a resonance condition. >>️

Edmon Perkins. Comparison of stochastic adaptation and stochastic resonance. Phys. Rev. E 110, 064225. Dec 27, 2024.

https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.110.064225 

Also: fluctuations, noise, transition, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: gst, fluctuations, noise, transition, stochasticity, stochastic adaptation, stochastic resonance

# life: apropos of interactions, “attacks” and “circling” of Zebrafish in the dynamics of dominance.

<< While two-body fighting behavior occurs throughout the animal kingdom to settle dominance disputes, important questions such as how the dynamics ultimately lead to a winner and loser are unresolved. Here (AA) examine fighting behavior at high resolution in male zebrafish. >>️

<< In the body point trajectories (AA) find a spectrum of timescales which (they) use to build informative joint coordinates consisting of relative orientation and distance. (AA) use the distribution of these coordinates to automatically identify fight epochs, and (then) demonstrate the postfight emergence of an abrupt asymmetry in relative orientations—a clear and quantitative signal of hierarchy formation. >>

AA << identify short-time, multi-animal behaviors as clustered transitions between joint configurations, and show that fight epochs are spanned by a subset of these clusters, which (they) denote as maneuvers. The resulting space of maneuvers is rich but interpretable, including motifs such as “attacks” and “circling.” In the longer-time dynamics of maneuver frequencies (AA) find differential and changing strategies, including that the eventual loser attacks more often towards the end of the contest. >>️

AA << results suggest a reevaluation of relevant assessment models in zebrafish, while our approach is generally applicable to other animal systems. >>️

️

Liam O'Shaughnessy, Tatsuo Izawa, et al. Dynamics of Dominance in Interacting Zebrafish. PRX Life 2, 043006. Oct 25, 2024.

https://journals.aps.org/prxlife/abstract/10.1103/PRXLife.2.043006

Also: behav, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: gst, behavior, behaviour

# brain: time delay in 'reservoir brain' as a reservoir network, a hypothesis

<< Both the predictive power and the memory storage capability of an artificial neural network called a reservoir computer increase when time delays are added into how the network processes signals, according to a new model. >>️

<< They also suggest that incorporating time delays could offer advantages to living neural networks (such as those found in human and animal brains). Such a finding would be tantalizing, as time delays are known to decrease performance in living systems. For example, for a baseball player facing an oncoming ball, a longer time delay between perception and action (which is learned from experience) will decrease the likelihood they hit a home run. Are there instead cases in which time delays increase an organism’s ability to perform some task? Has evolution shaped our brains, which could perhaps be thought of as a collection of reservoir computers, so that the time delay between one neuron sending a signal and a second receiving it is exactly the right length for understanding the visual and audio that constantly impinge upon our eyes and ears? Does adding time delays impact the number of neurons the brain needs to operate correctly? Further work is needed to answer these questions, but such work could lead to a new understanding of how biological organism’s function.  >>️

Sarah Marzen. Time Delays Improve Performance of Certain Neural Networks. Physics 17, 111. July 22, 2024. 

https://physics.aps.org/articles/v17/111 

Also: pause, silence, jazz, network, brain, ai (artificial intell), in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: gst, brain, network, neural network, reservoir network, reservoir computer, time delay, ai, artificial intelligence

# gst: even a single bubble can produce creative musical outcomes

<< Producing original and arranging existing musical outcomes is an art that takes years of learning and practice to master. Yet, despite the constant advances in the field of AI-powered musical creativity, production of quality musical outcomes remains a prerogative of the humans. Here we demonstrate that a single bubble in water can be used to produce creative musical outcomes, when it nonlinearly oscillates under an acoustic pressure signal that encodes a piece of classical music. >>️

Ivan S. Maksymov. Musical creativity enabled by nonlinear oscillations of a bubble in water. arXiv:2304.00822v1 [cs.SD]. Apr 3, 2023. 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.00822

keyword "bubble" in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=bubble

Keywords: gst, ai, fluid dynamics, bubble, sound, music, audio processing

# brain: jazzy perceptions inside, there’s more to all the noise; even in the dark, neurons of the visual cortex chat

<< Scientists are now rethinking how they study and conceive of perception. >>

<< At every moment, neurons whisper, shout, sputter and sing, filling the brain with a dizzying cacophony of voices. Yet many of those voices don’t seem to be saying anything meaningful at all. They register as habitual echoes of noise, not signal; as static, not discourse. >>️

<< But over the past decade, that view has changed. (..) There’s more to all the noise, scientists realized, than they had assumed. >>️

<< Now, by analyzing both the neural activity and the behavior of mice in unprecedented detail, researchers have revealed a surprising explanation for much of that variability: Throughout the brain, even in low-level sensory areas like the visual cortex, neurons encode information about far more than their immediately relevant task. They also babble about whatever other behaviors the animal happens to be engaging in, even trivial ones — the twitch of a whisker, the flick of a hind leg. Those simple gestures aren’t just present in the neural activity. They dominate it. >>️

<< Our brains aren’t just thinking in our heads. Our brains are interacting with our bodies and the way that we move through the world. >> Cris Niell. 

<< Wait — maybe the brain isn’t noisy. Maybe it’s actually much more precise than we thought, >> David McCormick️.️

Jordana Cepelewicz. ‘Noise’ in the Brain Encodes Surprisingly Important Signals. Quantamag. Nov 7, 2019. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/noise-in-the-brains-vision-areas-encodes-body-movements-20191107/

Salkoff DB, Zagha E, McCarthy E, McCormick DA. Movement and Performance Explain Widespread Cortical Activity in a Visual Detection Task. Cereb Cortex. 2020 Jan 10;30(1):421-437. doi: 10.1093/ cercor/bhz206. 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31711133/

Also

keyword 'perception' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=perception

keyword 'percezione' | 'percezioni' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=percezione

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=percezioni

keyword 'error' | 'fuzzy' | 'noise'  in FonT 

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=error

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=fuzzy

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=noise

keywords 'errore' | 'errori' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=errore

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=errori

keyword 'jazz' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=jazz

keyword 'jazz' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry):

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=jazz

Keywords: brain, perception, visual cortex, noise

# gst: weird Nature; randomly arranged nanowire networks seem to behave, at the edge of chaos, like cortical neuronal cultures

<< an artificial network of nanowires can be tuned to respond in a brain-like way when electrically stimulated. >>️

<< If the signal stimulating the network was too low, then the pathways were too predictable and orderly and did not produce complex enough outputs to be useful. If the electrical signal overwhelmed the network, the output was completely chaotic and useless for problem solving. The optimal signal for producing a useful output was at the edge of this chaotic state. >>️

<< Some theories in neuroscience suggest the human mind could operate at this edge of chaos, or what is called the critical state, (..) Some neuroscientists think it is in this state where we achieve maximal brain performance. (..) What's so exciting about this result is that it suggests that these types of nanowire networks can be tuned into regimes with diverse, brain-like collective dynamics, which can be leveraged to optimize information processing. >> Zdenka Kuncic.️

<< In the nanowire network the junctions between the wires allow the system to incorporate memory and operations into a single system. This is unlike standard computers, which separate memory (RAM) and operations (CPUs). >>

<< These junctions act like computer transistors but with the additional property of remembering that signals have traveled that pathway before. As such, they are called 'memristors', >> Joel Hochstetter.

️

'Edge of chaos' opens pathway to artificial intelligence discoveries. University of Sydney. Jun 29, 2021.

https://phys.org/news/2021-06-edge-chaos-pathway-artificial-intelligence.html

Joel Hochstetter, Ruomin Zhu, et al. Avalanches and edge-of-chaos learning in neuromorphic nanowire networks. Nat Commun 12, 4008. doi: 10.1038/ s41467-021-24260-z. Jun 29, 2021.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-24260-z

#life: reliability, deception and lies of a signal (among the Siberian jay Perisoreus infaustus)

<< Deception and lies are surprising aspects of human communication and the use of language in which false information is intentionally communicated to others, allowing an individual to gain an advantage over the recipient of such false information. However, language is actually highly pro-social and cooperative and is mainly used to share reliable information. >>️

<< a number of species are able to deceive their conspecifics, including some species of primates and birds like the Siberian jay (Perisoreus infaustus). Siberian jays live in territorial groups and have an elaborate communication system: A wide range of calls allow them to warn each other of the presence of different predators as well as the behaviour of their fiercest enemy, the hawk. >>

<< Occasionally, however, neighbours intruding into a group's territory use the same calls that would otherwise indicate the presence of a perched hawk for a different purpose. Their aim is to deceive the members of the group about the presence of the predator, thus scaring them away to get access to their food.  >>

<< It is a commonly observed phenomenon in the animal kingdom that warning calls are used to deceive others. Clearly, the recipients of the false information potentially pay a high price if they ignore the warning, >>  Filipe Cunha. 

<< Siberian jays thus have a simple rule to avoid being tricked: They only trust the warning calls from members of their own group, meaning cooperation partners. Familiarity alone is not enough, otherwise the birds would also have trusted the calls of their neighbours, >> Michael Griesser. ️

Daniel Schmidtke. Trust among corvids. University of Konstanz. Jun 1, 2021. 

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/06/210601135719.htm

Filipe C. R. Cunha, Michael Griesser. Who do you trust? Wild birds use social knowledge to avoid being deceived. Science Advances. Vol. 7, no. 22, eaba2862. doi: 10.1126/ sciadv.aba2862. May 28, 2021. 

https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/22/eaba2862    

Also

2068 - chaotic probabilities. 

(quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2006/10/2068-chaotic-probabilities.html

keyword "fake" in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=fake

# gst: an atomic imaging of a (slow) crack

AA << successfully imaged the snapping of individual atomic bonds in a one-atom-thick sheet of rhenium disulfide ( ReS2) using scanning transmission electron microscopy. (STEM) >>

<< Because of its unusual chemistry, Re forms a 2D lattice with "lanes" that guide cracks, allowing the cracks to propagate with ease. The heavy element also efficiently deflects electrons, providing the signal needed to gain clear images. The study is a remarkable example of how a specific material can provide insight into the universal behavior of matter. >>

<< Because of its strong scattering, ReS2 provides an ideal target for STEM. (Interestingly, tungsten, the periodic-table neighbor of Re, has just one fewer proton and is routinely used in electron microscopy to stain viruses and bacterial flagella.)  >>

<< By measuring the deformation of the lattice around the crack, the team showed that the tearing stresses were concentrated around the crack tip. The stresses then decayed as the inverse square root of the distance from the tip, a finding that matches predictions for macroscopic materials. Using these measurements, the team defined a stress intensity threshold for cracks to propagate. >>

<< The images taken by Huang and colleagues used seconds-long exposure times, meaning they could only follow the propagation of the slowest crack (those that moved at a few angstroms per second). There is much interest in how faster cracks behave, as these cracks are subject to instabilities, meaning they can deviate from a straight line or form branches, for example. To observe faster cracks, future experiments could use reduced exposure times. >>

Itamar Kolvin. Atomic Imaging of Cracks. Physics 13, 193. Dec 9, 2020. 

https://physics.aps.org/articles/v13/193

Lingli Huang, Fangyuan Zheng, et al. In Situ Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Observations of Fracture at the Atomic Scale. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 246102. Dec 9, 2020.

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.246102

Also

(+)  the intriguing dynamics of a crack. Nov 7, 2017. 

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2017/11/gst-intriguing-dynamics-of-crack.html

(+) multiple cracks, simultaneously ... Oct 23, 2016.

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2016/10/s-gst-multiple-cracks-simultaneously.html

(+) onda criptica. May 22, 2005 (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2005/05/1641b-onda-criptica.html

(+) keyword "fracture" in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=fracture

# gst: to reach detectability of a weak signal, they add background noise

<< In contrast to most sensors, for which noise is a problem that should be suppressed, (AA) found that adding just the right amount of background noise can actually increase a signal too weak for sensing by normal sensors, to a level that can reach detectability. >>

Walt Mills. To make a better sensor, just add noise. Pennsylvania State University. Sep 03, 2020. 

https://phys.org/news/2020-09-sensor-noise.html   

<< In this article, (AA) adopt a radical approach for next generation ultra-low-power sensor design by embracing the evolutionary success of animals with extraordinary sensory information processing capabilities that allow them to survive in extreme and resource constrained environments. Stochastic resonance (SR) is one of those astounding phenomena, where noise, which is considered detrimental for electronic circuits and communication systems, plays a constructive role in the detection of weak signals. >>

Akhil Dodda, Aaryan Oberoi, et al. 

Stochastic resonance in MoS2 photodetector. Nat Commun 11, 4406 (2020). doi: 10.1038/ s41467-020-18195-0. Sep 2, 2020.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18195-0   

Also 

keyword 'noise' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=noise

Also 

plus ambiguity and noise. Notes. Jul 06, 2007  (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2007/07/2136-plus-ambiguity-and-noise.html

# gst: a simple signal to drive complex dynamics

<< a developmental signaling pattern can be erased and replaced with a synthetic, patterned stimulus. (..) unlike pharmacological or genetic perturbations, light can be applied and removed quickly, focused with high spatial precision, or shaped into arbitrary spatial patterns. (AA) found that a simple all-or-none blue light stimulus, delivered to the embryonic termini, is sufficient to convert a lethal loss-of-function phenotype to rescue the full Drosophila life cycle: embryogenesis; larval development; pupation; adulthood; and fecundity. >>

<<  Such optical control over development could be used to probe cell and tissue-level regulation, engineer tissue organization, and correct developmental defects. >>

Heath E. Johnson, Nareg J.V. Djabrayan, et al. Optogenetic Rescue of a Patterning Mutant. Current Biology. 30, 1-11. doi: 10.1016/ j.cub.2020.06.059. Jul 23, 2020. 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960982220309118

Complex developmental patterns are under the control of surprisingly simple signals. Princeton University. Jul 23, 2020.

https://phys.org/news/2020-07-complex-developmental-patterns-surprisingly-simple.html   

Also

keyword 'signal' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=signal

keyword 'signal' in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=signal

# behav: persistent neuronal firing during flight in flies, like a pulsating gambler who has to decide quickly

<< A general principle of sensory systems is that they adapt to prolonged stimulation by reducing their response over time. >>

<< as opposed to most sensory and visual neurons, and in particular to the motion vision sensitive neurons in the brains of both flies and mammals, the descending neurons show little adaption during stimulus motion. (..) the optic-flow-sensitive descending neurons display persistent firing, or an after-effect, following the cessation of visual stimulation, consistent with the lingering calcium signal hypothesis. >>

AA results << show a combination of adaptation and persistent firing in the neurons that project to the thoracic ganglia and thereby control behavioral output. >>

Sarah Nicholas, Karin Nordstrom. Persistent Firing and Adaptation in Optic-Flow-Sensitive Descending Neurons. Curr Biol. doi: 10.1016/ j.cub.2020.05.019. May 28, 2020.

https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(20)30658-8

Revealing how flies make decisions on the fly to survive. Flinders University. May 28, 2020

https://phys.org/news/2020-05-revealing-flies-decisions-survive.html

Also

the flexible mental maps of flies. FonT. Nov 21, 2019. 

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2019/11/brain-flexible-mental-maps-of-flies.html

<< Considerando invece l' immagine classica della "mosca nella bottiglia", >>  in: 2066 - voli a casaccio. Notes. (quasi-stochastic poetry). Oct 01, 2006.

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2006/10/2066-voli-casaccio.html

# lang: information management (encoding reliability) in bird communications (among wild redbreasted nuthatches, Sitta canadensis)

<< Every social network has its fake news. And in animal communication networks, even birds discern the trustworthiness of their neighbors, >>

<< This is the first time people have shown that nuthatches are paying attention to the source of information, and that influences the signal they produce and send along, (..) Everybody is listening to everybody else in the woods, >> Erick Greene.

Courtney Brockman. Researchers study how birds retweet news. University of Montana. Feb 14, 2020. 

https://m.phys.org/news/2020-02-birds-retweet-news.html

<< nuthatches discriminate between direct and indirect, or public information, and this is reflected in the acoustic structure of their alarm calls. >>

Nora V Carlson, Erick Greene,  Christopher N Templeton. Nuthatches vary their alarm calls based upon the source of the eavesdropped signals. 

Nat Commun 11, 526. Jan 27, 2020.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-14414-w

Also

the question is: Humans vs Woodstock, who is the smarter? Jun 26, 2016.

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2016/06/s-brain-question-is-humans-vs-parrots.html

keyword 'bird' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=bird

# gst: counterintuitively, even complex processes can be hidden inside flat power spectra

<< Power spectral densities are a common, convenient, and powerful way to analyze signals. So much so that they are now broadly deployed across the sciences and engineering - from quantum physics to cosmology, and from crystallography to neuroscience to speech recognition. The features they reveal not only identify prominent signal-frequencies but also hint at mechanisms that generate correlation and lead to resonance. Despite their near-centuries-long run of successes in signal analysis, here (AA) show that flat power spectra can be generated by highly complex processes, effectively hiding all inherent structure in complex signals.  >>

P. M. Riechers, J. P. Crutchfield.  Fraudulent White Noise: Flat power spectra belie arbitrarily complex processes.   arXiv:1908.11405v1 [cond-mat.stat-mech] Aug 29, 2019.   https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.11405