# game: Parrondo's paradox reveals counterintuitive wins in biology and decision making in society.

<< 

• Parrondo's paradox illustrates how combining two losing strategies can result in a winning outcome.

• Its applications extend across various disciplines, particularly in understanding ecosystems at different scales.

• The paradox is explored in multiple fields, highlighting adaptability as a key factor in evolutionary survival.

• Future directions are outlined, emphasizing the potential to enhance our understanding of the natural world and society.

 >>️

Tao Wen, Kang Hao Cheong. Parrondo's paradox reveals counterintuitive wins in biology and decision making in society. Physics of Life Reviews. 51, 33-59. Dec 19, 2024. 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1571064524000940 

Also: Parrondo, game, tit-for-tat, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Also: 'Parrondo paradox', in Pubmed  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=parrondo+paradox&sort=date&size=50

Keywords: gst, Parrondo, game, tit-for-tat

FonT: as mentioned elsewhere in this blog, from my point of view, if well modulated, the two paired strategies "Stochastic Tit-For-Tat" and "Parrondo" are deadly, regardless of the aims of the objectives (cooperative purposes, parasitism, resurfacing of hypothetical clusters of failed entities, ... )

# game: aperiodic Parrondo (behavior based on the binary Fibonacci, Thue–Morse and Rudin–Shapiro sequences); persistence and heterogeneity effects.

AA << study the effectiveness of employing archetypal aperiodic sequencing -- namely Fibonacci, Thue-Morse, and Rudin-Saphiro -- on the Parrondian effect. From a capital gain perspective, (their) results show that these series do yield a Parrondo's Paradox with the Thue-Morse based strategy outperforming not only the other two aperiodic strategies but benchmark Parrondian games with random and periodical (AABBAABB…) switching as well. The least performing of the three aperiodic strategies is the Rudin-Shapiro. >>

AA << analyze the cross-correlation between the capital generated by the switching protocols and that of the isolated losing games. This analysis reveals that a pronounced anti-correlation (below -0.95) with both isolated games is typically required to achieve a robust manifestation of Parrondo's effect. >>

About << the influence of the sequencing on the capital using the lacunarity and persistence measures (AA) observe that the switching protocols tend to become less performing in terms of the capital as one increases the persistence and thus approaches the features of an isolated losing game. >>

Respect to << lacunarity, a property related to heterogeneity, (AA) notice that for small persistence the performance increases with the lacunarity with a maximum (..). In respect of this, (AA) work shows that  the optimisation of a switching protocol is strongly dependent on a fine tune between persistence and heterogeneity. >>

Marcelo A. Pires, Erveton P. Pinto, et al. Parrondo's effects with aperiodic protocols. arXiv: 2410.02987v1 [physics.soc-ph]. Oct 3, 2024.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.02987

Also: Parrondo, tit-for-tat, game, behav, network, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: Parrondo, tit-for-tat, game, behavior, behaviour, network

# game: apropos of Parrondo's paradox, winning with losses driven by reputation and reciprocity

AA << investigate two such social behaviors, reputation and reciprocity, and their role in explaining Darwin’s survival of the fittest, examining how these fundamental principles govern individual interactions and shape broader social dynamics. >>

<< Current theories hint at two main facets of social interaction, reputation and reciprocity, as potential drivers behind this cooperative evolution. Reputation revolves around building and sustaining trust, social worth, and overall community standing. Conversely, reciprocity governs the mutual exchange of actions or benefits, influencing our choices. >>

<< One intriguing concept explored in this domain is Parrondo’s paradox: combining or switching between two losing strategies might surprisingly achieve a winning outcome. The role of Parrondo’s paradox in complex systems has sparked key research into chaotic many-body, quantum, and algorithmic network applications, where combining elements yields opposing beneficial results. Similarly, social physicists aim to uncover hidden mechanisms that govern societal phenomena by integrating the paradox’s counterintuitive principles. >>️

<< The game-theoretic Parrondo’s paradox emerges through multiple iterations of these interactions (..) A naive observation might conclude that in either scheme the chance of individuals losing to the environment is higher than gaining from the environment. For the reputation scheme, one is rewarded with a singular capital from the environment but is punished with two. Similarly, the reciprocity scheme only allows for the redistribution of capital or loss of capital. In reality, diverse schemes can be adopted by different individuals. Thus, (AA) suggest two forms of switching: (1) stochastic switching, where the individual randomly selects one of two schemes to employ with equal probability, and (2) rule-based switching, where the individual only selects the reputation scheme if it passes the reputation threshold ρ; otherwise, it employs the reciprocity scheme. >>

AA << also performed simulations on other network topologies (..) Parrondo’s paradox is strongly observed in small-world networks, weakly in the Erdős-Rényi network, and absent in scale-free networks. >>

To conclude, some of these observations << underscore the profound capability of rule-based switching mechanisms inherent in Parrondo’s paradox to emulate and forecast key aspects of real-world social phenomena. Such insights are invaluable for developing sophisticated models and strategies in various fields, ranging from social sciences to policy making, where accurate predictions of social behavior and dynamics are crucial. >>

Joel Weijia Lai, Kang Hao Cheong. Winning with Losses: The Surprising Success of Negative Strategies in Social Interaction Behavior. Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 167401. Oct 16, 2024. 

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.167401

Also: Parrondo, tit-for-tat, game, behav, network, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: Parrondo, tit-for-tat, game, behavior, behaviour, network

# game: apropos of Parrondo's game, how a flexible parasite can outsmart its hosts for evolutionary dominance.

<< Antagonistic coevolution between hosts and parasites substantially impacts community structure, with parasites displaying fluctuating selection or arms race dynamics during coevolution. The traditional matching alleles (MA) and gene-for-gene (GFG) models have been used to describe the dynamics and interaction of host-parasite coevolution, with these models assuming that parasites adopt a single strategy when competing with other parasites. >>

AA << present a nonlinear dynamic population model that challenges this assumption, showing how a parasite that is disadvantaged under either the MA or the GFG model can win the competition by switching between the two losing strategies based on an external environmental cue, internal processes, or stochastic decision-making. >>

<< This counterintuitive outcome is analogous to Parrondo's paradox, a game-theoretic concept that shows how alternating between two losing strategies can result in a winning outcome. >>

Tao Wen, Eugene V. Koonin, Kang Hao Cheong. How flexible parasites can outsmart their hosts for evolutionary dominance. Phys. Rev. Research 6, 023104. Apr 30, 2024.

https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.6.023104 

Also: game, Parrondo, evolution, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: game, Parrondo, evolution

FonT: from my point of view, if well modulated, the two paired strategies "Stochastic Tit-For-Tat" and "Parrondo" are deadly, regardless of the aims of the objectives (cooperative purposes, parasitism, etc)

# gst: transitions by coupled instabilities

AA << present an experimental study of quasiperiodic transitions between a highly ordered square-lattice pattern and a disordered, defect-riddled state, in a circular Faraday system. (They)  show that the transition is driven initially by a long-wave amplitude modulation instability, which excites the oscillatory transition phase instability, leading to the formation of dislocations in the Faraday lattice. The appearance of dislocations dampens amplitude modulations, which prevents further defects from being created and allows the system to relax back to its ordered state. The process then repeats itself in a quasiperiodic manner. >>

Valeri Frumkin, Shreyas Gokhale. Coupled instabilities drive quasiperiodic order-disorder transitions in Faraday waves. Phys. Rev. E 108, L012601. July 17, 2023. 

https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.108.L012601

Also: parrondo, tit-for-tat, game, transition, chaos, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html

Keywords: parrondo, tit-for-tat, game,  transition, chaos

# game: in a iterated prisoner's dilemma scenario forgiveness turns out to be an adaptation

<< Prisoner’s dilemma is used to represent a range of real life phenomena such as economics, commerce, nature and wildlife. >>

<< Researchers working on iterated prisoner's dilemma (IPD) with limited memory inspected the outcome of different forgetting strategies in homogeneous environment, within which all agents adopt the same forgetting strategy at a time. In this work, with the intention to represent real life more realistically, (AA) improve existing forgetting strategies, offer new ones, and conduct experiments in heterogeneous environment that contains mixed agents and compare the results with previous research as well as homogeneous environment >>

<< in a more realistic environment consisting of all types of agents, in terms of both cooperation probabilities and forgetting strategies, agents who forget defectors consistently outperform other forgetting strategies for all memory ratio values. Moreover, the best performing defectors are also the ones that forget other defectors. In other words, agents who “forgive” defectors are the best performers. Hence, forgiveness is an adaptation. >>

FMC : Forget most cooperator first 

FMP : Forget most played first 

FMU : Forget most unpredictable first 

FR :  Forget randomly 

FLP : Forget least played first 

FMD : Forget most defector first 

Meliksah Turker, Haluk O. Bingol. Forgiveness is an Adaptation in Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma with Memory. arXiv:2112.07894v1 [cs.GT]. Dec 15, 2021

https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.07894

Also

keyword 'game' | 'tit-for-tat' in FonT

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=game

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=tit-for-tat

keyword 'game' | 'tit-for-tat' in Notes

(quasi-stochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=game

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=tit-for-tat

Keywords: game, iterated prisoner's dilemma, forgiveness, adaptation

# life: a bizarre role of reversal within a hypothetical POTUSrace game; now playing: 'generous' Donald vs 'predator' Covid-19

<< Always good to make sure: Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin, the lead negotiator for President Donald Trump on this package, was asked Wednesday morning if the President would sign the agreement. Mnuchin: "Absolutely, absolutely." >>

Phil Mattingly. Congress on track to pass the largest emergency aid deal in US history. CNN. Updated 1403 GMT (2203 HKT) Mar 25, 2020.

https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/25/politics/coronavirus-stimulus-bill-state-of-play/index.html

Kevin Breuninger. Trump wants direct payments of $1,000 for adults, $500 for kids in coronavirus stimulus bill, Mnuchin says. Mar 19, 2020 09:30 AM ETD

https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/19/coronavirus-trump-wants-payments-of-1000-for-adults-500-for-kids.html

Also 

#life; #POTUSrace; a bizarre hypothesis of that game, a (not real, theoretical) 'generous' Charlie vs. a (not real, theoretical) 'predator' Donald ... Jun 12, 2016.  

15:53  Feb 24, 2020.

https://twitter.com/flashontrack/status/1231955346534682626

never boring with chaos and tit-for-tat theories. FonT. Jun 12, 2016.

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2016/06/s-gst-never-boring-with-chaos-and-tit.html

# game: apropos of perpetual hack, to bypass 'lizard' brains with a Tit-for-Tat approach

<< In (..) lizard brain, (..) "cheating" was really just "retaliation." >>

<< Where do we go from here?

Is there a way to break this cycle? >>

<<  For no matter how viscerally satisfying and rational it may appear to operate in a never-ending tit-for-tat spiral, in the long run, cooperation pays >>  

Niels Rosenquist.  How Tit-for-Tat Game Theory Hacked Politics. Jun 10, 2019. 

https://thebulwark.com/how-tit-for-tat-game-theory-has-hacked-politics/

FonT

a "catapulting" approach to bypass "lizard" brains: 

1668 - ramificata tinnula (di carmina fluitantia). Jun 9, 2005.

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2005/06/1668-ramificata-tinnula-di-carmina.html

More

keyword "tit-for-tat" in FonT:

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=tit-for-tat

keyword "tit-for-tat" in Notes:

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=tit-for-tat

# gst: chaotic dynamics modulate complex systems, even in the presence of extrinsic and intrinsic noise

AA << find that chaotic dynamics modulates gene expression and up-regulates certain families of low-affinity genes, even in the presence of extrinsic and intrinsic noise. Furthermore, this leads to an increase in the production of protein complexes and the efficiency of their assembly. Finally, (AA) show how chaotic dynamics creates a heterogeneous population of cell states, and describe how this can be beneficial in multi-toxic environments. >>

Mathias L. Heltberg, Sandeep Krishna, Mogens H. Jensen. On chaotic dynamics in transcription factors and the associated effects in differential gene regulation.  Nature Comm. volume 10, Article number: 71 Jan 8, 2019.   https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07932-1  

<< Chaos in bodily regulation can optimize our immune system according to a recent discovery made by researchers at the University of Copenhagen's Niels Bohr Institute. The discovery may prove to be of great significance for avoiding serious diseases such as cancer and diabetes.  >>

Chaos in the body tunes up your immune system. Niels Bohr Institute.
Jan 16, 2019.   https://m.medicalxpress.com/news/2019-01-chaos-body-tunes-immune.html

Also

'l'immaginifico "tracciante ... che svagola nella macina ...'    in:  2149 - onda di predazione (to knock seals off the ice). Notes. Dec 17, 2007.    https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2007/12/2149-onda-di-predazione-to-knock-seals.html

Also

never boring with chaos and tit-for-tat theories. F.on.T. Jun 12, 2016.  https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2016/06/s-gst-never-boring-with-chaos-and-tit.html

# game: a pulsating, sadistic search for "disinformation", by John.

<< What this shows is that disinformation, which is ignorance of the truth, is simple to impose, even if logic denies it. What is even simpler is discovering a person’s ignorance set without imparting knowledge, >> John McAfee

Scott Thompson. John McAfee discusses the value of ignorance in new essay. May 25, 2019.

https://finance.yahoo.com/news/john-mcafee-discusses-value-ignorance-110005220.html

https://twitter.com/officialmcafee/status/1132321395243966464

Also

artists and machine intelligence interactions: the Ross' conjecture. Jun 13, 2016.

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2016/06/s-ai-artists-and-machine-intelligence.html

Charlie vs Donald (never boring with chaos and tit-for-tat theories). Jun 12, 2016.

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2016/06/s-gst-never-boring-with-chaos-and-tit.html

# psych: a view around dark personalities, by Morten et al.

<< Egoism, Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, sadism, spitefulness and others are among the traits of the malevolent side of human personality. As results from a recently published German-Danish research project show, these traits share a common "dark core." People with one of these tendencies are also likely to have one or more of the others. >>

Psychologists define the 'dark core of personality'. University of Copenhagen. Sep 27, 2018.

https://m.medicalxpress.com/news/2018-09-psychologists-dark-core-personality.html

Moshagen Morten,Hilbig Benjamin E.,Zettler Ingo. The dark core of personality. Psychological Review, Jul 12 , 2018

http://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Frev0000111

Also

"silvo sadico"  (by quasistochastic poetry)

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=silvo+sadico

Charlie vs Donald
(never boring with chaos and tit-for-tat theories)

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2016/06/s-gst-never-boring-with-chaos-and-tit.html

# game: pulsating as a Toffoli gate: Parrondo's paradox with a three-state coin (heads, tails, and a side)

<< Parrondo's paradox - an apparent paradox in which two losing strategies combine to make a winning strategy - can emerge as a coin game with a single coin in the quantum realm, but only when the coin has three states (heads, tails, and a side) rather than the conventional two. >>

<< In the new study, [AA] have demonstrated a Parrondo's game using a three-state coin, which they represent with a qutrit, a quantum system with three states. >>

Lisa Zyga. Parrondo's paradox with a three-sided coin. Phys.org. July 11, 2018.

https://m.phys.org/news/2018-07-parrondo-paradox-three-sided-coin.html

Jishnu Rajendran, Colin Benjamin. Playing a true Parrondo's game with a three-state coin on a quantum walk. EPL. 2018; 122(4). June 28.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1209/0295-5075/122/40004/meta

https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.04033

Also

"Toffoli gate"

# qubit: three-qubit operation with the Toffoli gate for scalable semiconductor quantum processors. Mar 4, 2018.

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2018/03/qubit-three-qubit-operation-with.html

FonT

quando lessi per la prima volta in bibliografia circa il "Parrondo Game"  mi venne in mente una strategia che avevo immaginato e piu' volte usato a suo tempo - da meta'  anni '70 a tutti gli anni '80 (e oltre) - composta da una sorta di "tit-for-tat stocastico" cioe' una strategia di gioco di  "cooperazione/ defezione" con decisioni di scelta pilotate da "lancio di moneta" all'interno di due (e poi anche tre) scenari riconducibili al tipo Parrondo ... in pratica la generazione di scenari senz'altro di  "frontiera", evolutivi,  immediatamente generabili all'interno di situazioni (se-si-puo-dire ... or, namely, "sire-die-soup") del tipo "standard", supposte "lineari".  Anzicheforse.

1668 - ramificata tinnula (di carmina fluitantia). Jun 9, 2005.

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2005/06/1668-ramificata-tinnula-di-carmina.html

"charlie"

https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=charlie

# game: the ineffable creativity of the coin toss approach

<< A new proof by SFI Professor David  Wolpert sends a humbling message to  would-be super intelligences: you can't  know everything all the time >>

<< "What if Epimenides had said 'the probability that a Cretan is a liar is greater than x percent?'" Moving from impossibility to probability could tell us whether knowing one thing with greater  certainty inherently limits the ability to know another thing. According to  Wolpert, "we are getting some very intriguing results." >>

Jenna  Marshall. New proof reveals  fundamental limits of scientific knowledge. Santa Fe Institute. May 3,  2018.

https://m.phys.org/news/2018-05-proof-reveals-fundamental-limits-scientific.html

FonT

"(...) the probability that a Cretan is a liar is greater than x percent?". In tal caso se, per approcciare il paradosso di Epimenide, ci si affida preliminarmente, in prima approx, all'esito di lancio di moneta, ci si predispone a una sorta di sperimentale, al buio, pulsatile "car spinning" all'interno di scenari caratterizzati da dinamiche (anche) bi- multiforcate. Un approccio funzionale al reale ignoto, per dire, liberati da iniziali disdicevoli pre- giudizi ...

Also

"soniche a ramulo"

https://inkpi.blogspot.it/search?q=jelly+roll&m=1

"ramificata tinnula"

https://inkpi.blogspot.it/2005/06/1668-ramificata-tinnula-di-carmina.html

"never boring with chaos and tit-for-tat theories"

https://flashontrack.blogspot.it/2016/06/s-gst-never-boring-with-chaos-and-tit.html

# game: a hypothesis to test a generic "generous tit-for-tat" approach to manage a self-catalytic (a cascade of period-doubling bifurcation) social transition dynamics

<< "La grande opportunità (..) è quella di tentare una 'mossa del cavallo': una scelta inaspettata, spiazzante, al limite del temerario" >>

che proponga  << un governo con gli elementi portanti del proprio programma, la cui guida sia affidata a una personalità fuori dei partiti, che scelga ministri tutti della società civile >>

"Modello Zagrebelsky per convincere il Pd". Intervista a Paolo Flores d’Arcais. Mar 11, 2018.

http://m.huffingtonpost.it/2018/03/11/modello-zagrebelsky-per-convincere-il-pd-intervista-a-paolo-flores-d-arcais_a_23382569/

<< Adding "generous tit-for-tat" greatly increases the overall level of cooperation and can lead to long periods of steady cooperation >>

Nowak M, Sigmund K. Chaos and the evolution of cooperation.  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993; 90 (11): 5091-4. Jun 1, 1993.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/8506355/

Also

<< The former child prodigy is 20 &wise beyond her years! @mohinidey17 talks to me of “when the person goes deeper than the technique” >> Jan 2, 2018

https://youtu.be/hbcW7nxcP3E

https://twitter.com/HrishiKay/status/948038183656103936

Also

<< Amico,  qualunque  cosa suonerai ... >>

2113 - soniche a ramulo. Jan 28, 2007.

http://inkpi.blogspot.it/2007/01/2113-soniche-ramulo.html

# s-gst-game: tit-for-tat and the emergence of morality

<< Ultimately, the results showed that the best strategy was 'tit for tat' – which means that a player starts out cooperating on the first move, and then does whatever it's opponent does >>

<< it's interesting that it emerged – it self-organised – into this state of being that the Old Testament morality ended up winning in this environment >>

<< So in fact what was found in later studies, when they examined prisoner's dilemma in environments where errors occurred with a certain frequency, is that the population tended to evolve to more generous, more like New Testament strategies that will 'turn the other cheek' >>

<< If natural selection leads to morality, that's pretty interesting. And that came from maths! >>.  Steven  Strogatz.

Steven  Strogatz, in: Elena  Holodny. The  mathematical  origins  of  morals.  Business  Insider, 14  Jun  2016

http://www.sciencealert.com/a-professor-explains-how-1980s-game-theory-could-explain-how-morality-evolved

FonT: <<  and then does whatever it's opponent does >> ... approccio senz'altro utile all'interno di scenari di simulazione; in contesti reali un approccio creativo, esplorativo, perturbativo, e per mia opinione anche funzionale, al problema di  decidere sul comportamento cooperativo al successivo "run" e' quello di affidarsi all'esito del lancio di moneta, ovviamente dopo un giudizio (formato da componenti di natura analitica ma anche soggettiva) circa il contesto che ha fatto intravedere la necessita' - per l'attore cooperativo - di una biforcazione, di operare una scelta.

Percio' "tit-for-tat generoso quasistocastico", tutte le volte che un gambler decide di iniziare/ sostenere un gioco "al buio", anche quando sa, oppure sospetta, che il gioco e' "a priori" fondamentalmente truccato, vale a dire deviante dai due vincoli del gioco legale, naturale [1,2,3]

Nelle componenti  "eye for an eye" vs "turn the other cheek" o, se si vuole piu' in generale, nei livelli di "risveglio" in senso buddista degli attori partecipanti tit-for-tat, dipende, anche a breve/ medio termine, la velocita' evolutiva degli esiti del gioco, esiti che riverberano in ambito sociale, anche all'interno di contesti "altri".

[1] - 1809 - strutturanti decisioni. November 26, 2004

http://inkpi.blogspot.it/2004/11/1809-strutturanti-decisioni.html

[2] - 1821 - i due beffardi vincoli. November 26, 2004

http://inkpi.blogspot.it/2004/11/1821-i-due-beffardi-vincoli.html

[3] - s-gst: never boring with chaos and tit-for-tat theories. June 12, 2016

http://flashontrack.blogspot.it/2016/06/s-gst-never-boring-with-chaos-and-tit.html

# s-gst: never boring with chaos and tit-for-tat theories

Elena  Holodny. An Ivy  League  professor  explains  chaos theory,  the  prisoner's  dilemma,  and  why math isn't realy  boring. Jun 8, 2016 08:34 PM

http://uk.businessinsider.com/steven-strogatz-interview-on-math-education-2016-6?r=US&IR=T

also:

the "generous" Charlie
http://inkpi.blogspot.it/2005/06/1668-ramificata-tinnula-di-carmina.html

the "predator" Donald
http://flashontrack.blogspot.it/2016/05/p-usa-potus-race-donald-what-he-can-do.html

# p-usa: #POTUS race: Donald, what he can do (PS)

PS: a proposito dell'ipotetico Donald, gambler in performance "tit-for-tat" a  modalita' stocastica/ quasistocastica

http://flashontrack.blogspot.it/2016/05/p-usa-potus-race-donald-what-he-can-do.html

anche un osservatore con titoli in neuropsichiatria verra' indirizzato nei suoi giudizi su tracce  erronee, fuorvianti, perche' l'ipotetico Donald, gambler che sa giocare "al buio", percio' gambler "di talento", in tali scenari assumera' piu' o meno consapevolmente comportamenti da leader Alfa, creativo, con spunti aciclicamente oscillanti, senza tuttavia da questi esserne realmente condizionato; tali comportamenti sono fascinosi, attrattivi, perturbativi,  generano inattesi vortici,  percio' sembrano  riscuotere cosi' tanto successo all'interno di numericamente importanti e trasversali sottoinsiemi delle variegate Moltitudini, tra i quali quelli che votano.

Una intelligenza artificiale, anche di media forza, compulsando e miscelando in tempo reale neuropsichiatria, studi affini e dirette osservazioni nel reale (IoT), questa cosa qui la capira' da subito, anzicheforse ...

# p-usa: #POTUS race: Donald, what he can do (with less than four lines ...)

Michael Wolraich. What Game Theory Tells Us About Donald Trump. Hillary Clinton is tasked with outwitting the human equivalent of a four-line computer program. May 11, 2016

http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/what-game-theory-tells-us-about-donald-trump-20160511

FonT: non con quattro ma con solo una riga di programma si puo' generare una stringa di numeri "random", nell'intervallo 0-2 ad es, per usarla " in modalita' meccanica seriale" allo scopo di assistere  nelle decisioni ogni qualvolta un ipotetico attore/ gambler (Donald in questo caso) si trovi di fronte a un interlocutore che per suo giudizio non e'/si ipotizzi non sara'/ con lui cooperativo; il valore 0 potrebbe indirizzare Donald verso una reazione di bassa intensita' (indipendentemente dai propositi dell'interlocutore non cooperativo) mentre il valore 2 verso una elevata estrema risposta negativa/ ostile; solo una intelligenza artificiale puo' accorgersi che: (1) il gambler Donald sta usando una strategia pan-per-focaccia (tit-for-tat); (2) la intensita' di risposta all'interlocutore non dipendera' da quanto l'interlocutore gli e' ostile ma dai valori della sequenza di zero-due ...; emicrania assicurata per chiunque intenda  capire il suo comportamento ...; dal professionista in politologie all'illuminato  in teoria dei giochi  ...; in merito alle "quattro righe di programma" anni fa avevo scritto in fortran (con forse qualche riga in piu' di quattro) un programma che iterava l'eq. logistica; usando l'output di una logistica (per certi valori dei parms) un ipotetico Donald potrebbe avere il vezzo di ottenere stessi risultati con serialita' numerica generata meccanicamente anziche' in modalita' casuale; infine, a zero righe di programma, il medesimo ipotetico Donald potrebbe semplicemente lanciare una monetina (o un dado) per avere in tempo reale  le modalita' di comportamento (e di intensita' se usa un dado) da usare nei confronti del non/ supposto non/ cooperatore e ottenere nell'interlocutore e nell'osservatore confrontabili livelli di disorientamento (qui i due estremi: era modicamente non cooperatore e ha ricevuto come reazione una "bastonata"; era assolutamente ostile e ha ricevuto la classica "pacca sulla spalla" ...).

a proposito, qui una poesiola (quasistocastica) scritta anni fa sul tema "tit-for-tat" e, a quanto vedo, sempre attuale ...

Thursday, June 09, 2005
1668 - ramificata tinnula (di carmina fluitantia)

http://inkpi.blogspot.it/2005/06/1668-ramificata-tinnula-di-carmina.html