# gst: a journey into billiard systems

<< ️Have you ever played or watched a game of pool? If so, you have already seen a billiard system in action. In mathematics and physics, a billiard system describes a ball that moves in straight lines and bounces off walls. Despite these simple rules, billiard systems can produce remarkably rich behaviors: some table shapes generate regular, periodic patterns, while others give rise to complete chaos. >>

<< Scientists also study what happens when (They) shrink the ball down to the size of an electron to a world where quantum effects take over and the familiar reflection rules no longer apply. >>

<< ️In this article, (AA) discuss billiard systems in their many forms and show how such a simple setup can reveal fundamental insights into the behavior of nature at both classical and quantum scales. >>

Weiqi Chu, Matthew Dobson. What Do Bouncing Balls Tell Us About the Universe? A Journey into Billiard Systems. arXiv: 2508.18519v1 [math.DS]. Aug 25, 2025.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.18519

Also: billiard, transition, chaos, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: gst, billiard, transition, chaos.

# drugs: Parrondo's paradox in tumor ecosystems; adaptive therapy strategies to delay the development of drug resistance.

<< ️Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and low-dose metronomic (LDM) schedules are widely used clinical strategies in cancer chemotherapy despite the fact that both approaches have inherent limitations. MTD often leads to drug resistance in tumors, whereas LDM usually results in the predominance of drug-sensitive or drug-resistant cancer cells, depending on the specific dose applied. >>

<< ️To circumvent these unfavorable outcomes, (AA) propose in (Their) work a promising adaptive therapy strategy that alternates MTD and LDM schemes across the treatment cycles. By studying a three-component tumor system with replicator equations, (They) find that alternate administration of MTD and LDM at different lengths of the treatment cycle can significantly delay the development of drug-resistant phenotypes compared to when the two schemes are operated separately. >>

<< ️This outcome recapitulates the weak form of the Parrondo's paradox, where appropriate combinations of two individually suboptimal strategies can produce an even more superior outcome (a more favorable therapeutic effect in (this) case). (AA) also validate the feasibility of the proposed adaptive therapy strategy in spatially distributed tumor ecosystems by implementing agent-based simulations. (Their) findings offer potential clues to the challenges in state-of-the-art adaptive therapy methods, which often require precise regulation of drug dose and timing based on the proportions of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cancer cells within a tumor. >>

De-Ming Liu, Yi-Yang Liu, et al. Parrondo's paradox in tumor ecosystems: Adaptive therapy strategies to delay the development of drug resistance. Phys. Rev. E 112, 024404. Aug 6, 2025.

https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/xjh4-mfvx

Also: Parrondo, game, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: drugs, pharma, Parrondo's paradox, game, cancer, tumors, cancer chemotherapy, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), low-dose metronomic (LDM), drug resistance, drug sensitivity, adaptive therapy strategy.

# game: Parrondo's paradox in space-inhomogeneous quantum walks.

<< The term Parrondo's paradox refers to the apparently paradoxical effect whereby two or more dynamics in which a given quantity decreases are combined in such a way that the same quantity increases in the resulting dynamics. >>

AA << show that Parrondo's paradox can occur not only in the case of homogeneous but also in space-inhomogeneous one-dimensional discrete-time quantum walks. >>

<< Moreover, (They) demonstrate that for such quantum walks Parrondo's paradox can affect the time evolution of quantum entanglement differently than it does in the case of homogeneous ones. >>

Zbigniew Walczak, Jarosław H. Bauer. Parrondo's paradox in space-inhomogeneous quantum walks. Phys. Rev. E 111, 064218. Jun 25, 2025.

https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/k6nn-n6c4

Also: Parrondo, game, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: Parrondo, games

# life: apropos of Trump-Musk dipole, an immediate MJQ apoptotic rift

<< In the last two days, the once powerful relationship between President Donald Trump and billionaire Elon Musk has unraveled as they took jabs at each other from their respective social media sites, X and Truth Social. Musk left his official role in the administration late last month. See how the digital confrontation devolved from complaints over the president’s tax bill to Musk alleging Trump was “in the Epstein files.” . >>

Rachel Lerman. A timeline of Musk and Trump’s devolving relationship. washingtonpost.com. Jun 6, 2025.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2025/trump-musk-x-truth-social-timeline/

FonT: an Ivy League Academic (e.g. a Harvard academic) could, as a funny hypothesis (and just to check if and how it works), to try to restore this form of sadic intermittent acyclic pseudo MJQ dipole; in this regard He/She/? could be immediately operational as a catalytic fractal epizeusis entity (obviously without ideological prejudices) to play Parrondo game to drive a quasi-stochastic tit-for-tat cooperative strategy. 

Soloperosservarecosasuccedeanzicheforse ...

Also: tit-for-tat, game, Parrondo, 

game, apoptosis, Mr. Donald, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html

Also: MJQ, in FonT https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=mjq. in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry) Attrattore cooperativo bipolare (nell' elastici spigoli), Mar 5, 2007. https://inkpi.blogspot.com/2007/03/2124-attrattore-cooperativo-bipolare.html

Also: Trump-Musk, in FonT https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=trump-musk

Also: sadico, in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry) https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=sadico

Keywords: life, Parrondo, Tit-for-Tat, MJQ, epizeusis, POTUS, Mr.Donald, Trump-Musk, sadistic, apoptosis, billiards, dance.

# life: to protect freedoms, not just funding.

<< At Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Columbia University in New York City, cuts to previously granted federal research funds have been accompanied by demands from the government. If enacted, the changes to departmental oversight, disciplinary procedures, campus police and governance structures would allow the government to dictate hiring, student admissions and disciplinary decisions. >>

<< So far, the US science community has been outspoken about the threats that funding cuts pose to health, innovation and the economy. Yet, few researchers have decried the devastation wreaked on science by attacks on civil liberties and the rule of law. >>

Andrew M. Leifer, Andrea J. Liu, Sidney R. Nagel. US researchers must stand up to protect freedoms, not just funding. Nature 641, 592-593. May 13, 2025.

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-01466-5

Also: people who turn career into a game playing ... FonT. May 31, 2017.

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2017/05/s-game-people-who-turn-career-into-game.html

Also: minimal risk, in FonT 

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=minimal+risk

Also: acad, in Font https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=acad.  acad, in Notes (quasi-stochastic poetry) https://inkpi.blogspot.com/search?q=acad

Also:  dance, game, transition, sars* covid* (aka 1or2achoos), forms of power, Mr. Donald, are you ready, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Also: nefst (e.g. not embedded, freestyle thinker) 

https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED20173/track

Keywords: life, acad, game, dance, transitions, nefst, 1or2achoos, minimal risk, turn career, forms of power, Mr. Donald, are you ready.

# qubit: communication power of a noisy qubit.

<< A fundamental limitation of quantum communication is that a single qubit can carry at most one bit of classical information. For an important class of quantum communication channels, known as entanglement breaking, this limitation holds even if the sender and receiver share entangled particles. But does this mean that, for the purpose of communicating classical messages, a noisy entanglement-breaking qubit channel can be replaced by a noisy bit channel? >>

Here AA << answer the question in the negative. (They) introduce a game, similar to the Monty Hall problem in classical statistics, where a sender assists a receiver in finding a valuable item (the “prize”) hidden in one of four possible boxes, while avoiding a hazardous item (the “bomb”) hidden in one of the remaining three boxes. (AA) show that no classical strategy using a noisy bit channel can ensure that the bomb is avoided, even if the sender and receiver share arbitrary amounts of randomness. >>

<< In contrast, communication of a qubit through a class of noisy entanglement-breaking channels, which (They) call quantum not channels, allows the players to deterministically avoid the bomb and to find the prize with a guaranteed nonzero probability. >>

AA << findings show that the communication of classical messages through a noisy entanglement-breaking qubit channel assisted by quantum entanglement cannot, in general, be simulated by communication through a noisy bit channel assisted by classical correlations. >>️

Giulio Chiribella, Saptarshi Roy, et al. Communication Power of a Noisy Qubit. Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 080803. Feb 28, 2025. 

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.080803     arXiv: 2405.17946v2 [quant-ph]. https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.17946  

Also: qubit, in https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=qubit  game, in  https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=game  noise, in  https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=noise 

Keywords: qubit, games, noise

# game: strategic decision making in biological and artificial brains.

Figure 4: Cooperation rates across different learning scenarios in Agent vs. Agent experiments. 

(a) Constrained learning using cooperation (high initial variability) 

(b) Constrained learning using defection (high initial variability) 

(c) Constrained learning using cooperation (low variability) 

(d) Constrained learning using defection (low variability) 

(e) Unconstrained learning.

(...)

<< The aim of (AA) paper is twofold. First, it seeks to uncover the algorithms that humans and other animals employ for learning in decision-making strategies within non-zero-sum games, specifically focusing on fully observable iterated prisoner’s dilemma scenarios. Second, it aims to develop a new model to explain strategic decision-making which reflects previous neurobiological findings showing that different brain circuits are responsible for self-referential processing and understanding others. The model stems from the actor-critic framework and incorporates multiple critics to allow for distinct processing of both self and others’ state. >>

AA << validate the biological plausibility and transferability of (Their) algorithm through comparisons with experimental data from human on the iterated prisoner’s dilemma game. >>️

Anushka Deshpande. Strategic Decision Making in Biological and Artificial Brains. biorxiv. doi: 10.1101/ 2025.02.17.638746. Feb 24, 2025.

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638746v1

Also: behav, game, tit-for-tat, brain, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: behavior, games, tit-for-tat, brain 

# life: chameleon machines

<< Large language model-based (LLM-based) agents have become common in settings that include non-cooperative parties. In such settings, agents' decision-making needs to conceal information from their adversaries, reveal information to their cooperators, and infer information to identify the other agents' characteristics. To investigate whether LLMs have these information control and decision-making capabilities, (AA) make LLM agents play the language-based hidden-identity game, The Chameleon. >>️

<< Based on the empirical results and theoretical analysis of different strategies, (AA) deduce that LLM-based non-chameleon agents reveal excessive information to agents of unknown identities. (Their) results point to a weakness of contemporary LLMs, including GPT-4, GPT-4o, Gemini 1.5, and Claude 3.5 Sonnet, in strategic interactions. >>

️

Mustafa O. Karabag, Ufuk Topcu. Do LLMs Strategically Reveal, Conceal, and Infer Information? A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis in The Chameleon Game. arXiv: 2501.19398v1 [cs.AI]. Jan 31, 2025.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.19398

Also: games, ai (artificial intell), nfulaw, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: life, games, chameleon game, ai, artificial intelligence, LLMs, privacy, nfulaw

# game: balance exploration and exploitation, making decisions cooperatively without sharing information.

<< Multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) studies crucial principles that are applicable to a variety of fields, including wireless networking and autonomous driving. (AA) propose a photonic-based decision-making algorithm to address one of the most fundamental problems in MARL, called the competitive multiarmed bandit (CMAB) problem. >>

AA << demonstrate that chaotic oscillations and cluster synchronization of optically coupled lasers, along with (their) proposed decentralized coupling adjustment, efficiently balance exploration and exploitation while facilitating cooperative decision making without explicitly sharing information among agents. >>

AA << study demonstrates how decentralized reinforcement learning can be achieved by exploiting complex physical processes controlled by simple algorithms. >>

Shun Kotoku, Takatomo Mihana, et al. Decentralized multiagent reinforcement learning algorithm using a cluster-synchronized laser network. Phys. Rev. E 110, 064212. Dec 11, 2024.

https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.110.064212

Img: https://x.com/PhysRevE/status/1866889144657465632

Also: game, chaos, ai (artificial intell), in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: game, cooperation, chaos, exploration, exploitation, ai, artificial intelligence, MARL, CMAB.

# life: apropos of saliva healers, herd immunity revisited and now hypothetically approachable even within NIH

<< President-elect Donald Trump is tapping Dr. Jay Bhattacharya, a Stanford University health researcher, to be the next director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). >>

️

<< Bhattacharya was one of three authors of the document (#1). The declaration called for speeding herd immunity by allowing people at low risk to get infected while protecting those most vulnerable, like the elderly. >>

Rob Stein. Trump turns to critic of COVID mandates to run NIH. npr.org. 

Nov 26, 2024. 

https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2024/11/26/nx-s1-5195168/nih-bhattacharya-trump-election-2024

<< The most compassionate approach that balances the risks and benefits of reaching herd immunity, is to allow those who are at minimal risk of death to live their lives normally to build up immunity to the virus through natural infection, while better protecting those who are at highest risk. We call this Focused Protection. >>

️

(#1) - Martin Kulldorff, Sunetra Gupta, Jay Bhattacharya. Great Barrington Declaration. Oct 4, 2020. https://gbdeclaration.org/

FonT

From my point of view 'herd immunity'  can be engineered if and only if, even in the case of sars-covid-19 or flu, simultaneous protection is used with an effective, easy available, antiviral drug.

In this regard, a non-compassionate but logical easy approach could be the indirect inhalation of alcohol ~70% already at the first signs of rhinorrhea, as follows:

(-) start self-treatment (spray plus cotton mask):

Mar 20, 2020  https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2020/03/life-funky-immediate-approach-of.html  

(-) outcomes

Jul 13, 2022  https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2022/07/life-aproposito-di-1or2achoos-da-wuhan.html  

Oct 4, 2023 https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2023/10/life-proposito-di-1or2achoos-da-wuhan.html  

Ultimately, here it could hypothesize a case of historic, singular checkmate of 'one against all'. Anzicheforse?

Also: drop, saliva, sars* covid* (aka 1or2achoos), virus, ethno, Mr. Donald, POTUS, tit-for-tat, game, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: life, drop, saliva, saliva healers, herd immunity, sars, mers, 2019ncov, sarscov2, covid19, coronavirus, 1or2achoos, virus, ethno, ethnomedicine, Donald, POTUS, tit-for-tat, game

PS: I couldn't say why, but in certain contexts, the incipit of an answer that the physicist Enrico Fermi https://it.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi  gave to a journalist always comes back to my mind: 'the physics that is done in our laboratory ...' . 

An example of exceptional, clear, even poetic analysis and synthesis skills (in only 8 words).

# game: Parrondo's paradox reveals counterintuitive wins in biology and decision making in society.

<< 

• Parrondo's paradox illustrates how combining two losing strategies can result in a winning outcome.

• Its applications extend across various disciplines, particularly in understanding ecosystems at different scales.

• The paradox is explored in multiple fields, highlighting adaptability as a key factor in evolutionary survival.

• Future directions are outlined, emphasizing the potential to enhance our understanding of the natural world and society.

 >>️

Tao Wen, Kang Hao Cheong. Parrondo's paradox reveals counterintuitive wins in biology and decision making in society. Physics of Life Reviews. 51, 33-59. Dec 19, 2024. 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1571064524000940 

Also: Parrondo, game, tit-for-tat, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Also: 'Parrondo paradox', in Pubmed  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=parrondo+paradox&sort=date&size=50

Keywords: gst, Parrondo, game, tit-for-tat

FonT: as mentioned elsewhere in this blog, from my point of view, if well modulated, the two paired strategies "Stochastic Tit-For-Tat" and "Parrondo" are deadly, regardless of the aims of the objectives (cooperative purposes, parasitism, resurfacing of hypothetical clusters of failed entities, ... )

# game: aperiodic Parrondo (behavior based on the binary Fibonacci, Thue–Morse and Rudin–Shapiro sequences); persistence and heterogeneity effects.

AA << study the effectiveness of employing archetypal aperiodic sequencing -- namely Fibonacci, Thue-Morse, and Rudin-Saphiro -- on the Parrondian effect. From a capital gain perspective, (their) results show that these series do yield a Parrondo's Paradox with the Thue-Morse based strategy outperforming not only the other two aperiodic strategies but benchmark Parrondian games with random and periodical (AABBAABB…) switching as well. The least performing of the three aperiodic strategies is the Rudin-Shapiro. >>

AA << analyze the cross-correlation between the capital generated by the switching protocols and that of the isolated losing games. This analysis reveals that a pronounced anti-correlation (below -0.95) with both isolated games is typically required to achieve a robust manifestation of Parrondo's effect. >>

About << the influence of the sequencing on the capital using the lacunarity and persistence measures (AA) observe that the switching protocols tend to become less performing in terms of the capital as one increases the persistence and thus approaches the features of an isolated losing game. >>

Respect to << lacunarity, a property related to heterogeneity, (AA) notice that for small persistence the performance increases with the lacunarity with a maximum (..). In respect of this, (AA) work shows that  the optimisation of a switching protocol is strongly dependent on a fine tune between persistence and heterogeneity. >>

Marcelo A. Pires, Erveton P. Pinto, et al. Parrondo's effects with aperiodic protocols. arXiv: 2410.02987v1 [physics.soc-ph]. Oct 3, 2024.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.02987

Also: Parrondo, tit-for-tat, game, behav, network, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: Parrondo, tit-for-tat, game, behavior, behaviour, network

# game: apropos of Parrondo's paradox, winning with losses driven by reputation and reciprocity

AA << investigate two such social behaviors, reputation and reciprocity, and their role in explaining Darwin’s survival of the fittest, examining how these fundamental principles govern individual interactions and shape broader social dynamics. >>

<< Current theories hint at two main facets of social interaction, reputation and reciprocity, as potential drivers behind this cooperative evolution. Reputation revolves around building and sustaining trust, social worth, and overall community standing. Conversely, reciprocity governs the mutual exchange of actions or benefits, influencing our choices. >>

<< One intriguing concept explored in this domain is Parrondo’s paradox: combining or switching between two losing strategies might surprisingly achieve a winning outcome. The role of Parrondo’s paradox in complex systems has sparked key research into chaotic many-body, quantum, and algorithmic network applications, where combining elements yields opposing beneficial results. Similarly, social physicists aim to uncover hidden mechanisms that govern societal phenomena by integrating the paradox’s counterintuitive principles. >>️

<< The game-theoretic Parrondo’s paradox emerges through multiple iterations of these interactions (..) A naive observation might conclude that in either scheme the chance of individuals losing to the environment is higher than gaining from the environment. For the reputation scheme, one is rewarded with a singular capital from the environment but is punished with two. Similarly, the reciprocity scheme only allows for the redistribution of capital or loss of capital. In reality, diverse schemes can be adopted by different individuals. Thus, (AA) suggest two forms of switching: (1) stochastic switching, where the individual randomly selects one of two schemes to employ with equal probability, and (2) rule-based switching, where the individual only selects the reputation scheme if it passes the reputation threshold ρ; otherwise, it employs the reciprocity scheme. >>

AA << also performed simulations on other network topologies (..) Parrondo’s paradox is strongly observed in small-world networks, weakly in the Erdős-Rényi network, and absent in scale-free networks. >>

To conclude, some of these observations << underscore the profound capability of rule-based switching mechanisms inherent in Parrondo’s paradox to emulate and forecast key aspects of real-world social phenomena. Such insights are invaluable for developing sophisticated models and strategies in various fields, ranging from social sciences to policy making, where accurate predictions of social behavior and dynamics are crucial. >>

Joel Weijia Lai, Kang Hao Cheong. Winning with Losses: The Surprising Success of Negative Strategies in Social Interaction Behavior. Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 167401. Oct 16, 2024. 

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.167401

Also: Parrondo, tit-for-tat, game, behav, network, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: Parrondo, tit-for-tat, game, behavior, behaviour, network

# gst: phase transition of inertial self-propelled agents, a ‘inverse modeling’ approach.

AA << formulate and analyze a kinetic MFG (Mean-field Game) model for an interacting system of non-cooperative motile agents with inertial dynamics and finite-range interactions, where each agent is minimizing a biologically inspired cost function. >>️️

The << ‘inverse modelling’ approach is to stipulate that the collective behavior of a population of decision-making agents is a solution to a collective optimization or optimal control problem. (..) In a MFG system, the collective behavior is the result of each agent solving an optimal control problem that depends on its own state and control as well as the collective state. MFGs formulated in continuous state space and time are described by coupled set of forward-backward in time nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). >>

<< While standard kinetic or hydrodynamic equations used for modelling collective behavior are initial value problems (IVP or evolution PDEs), the MFG systems have a forward-backward in time structure, and hence consist of boundary value problem (BVP in time PDEs). >>

<< By analyzing the associated coupled forward-backward in time system of nonlinear Fokker-Planck and Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations, (AA) obtain conditions for closed-loop linear stability of the spatially homogeneous MFG equilibrium that corresponds to an ordered state with non-zero mean speed. Using a combination of analysis and numerical simulations, (AA) show that when energetic cost of control is reduced below a critical value, this equilibrium loses stability, and the system transitions to a traveling wave solution. >>️

️

Piyush Grover, Mandy Huo. Phase transition in a kinetic mean-field game model of inertial self-propelled agents. arXiv: 2407.18400v1 [math.OC]. Jul 25, 2024. 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.18400

Also: transition, wave, game, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: gst, transition, criticality, bifurcations, wave, games

# game: hypothesis of a geometric design of chaotic attractors, on demand

AA << propose a method using reservoir computing to generate chaos with a desired shape by providing a periodic orbit as a template, called a skeleton. (They) exploit a bifurcation of the reservoir to intentionally induce unsuccessful training of the skeleton, revealing inherent chaos. The emergence of this untrained attractor, resulting from the interaction between the skeleton and the reservoir's intrinsic dynamics, offers a novel semi-supervised framework for designing chaos. >>️

Tempei Kabayama, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, et al. Designing Chaotic Attractors: A Semi-supervised Approach. arXiv: 2407.09545v1 [cs.NE]. Jun 27, 2024.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.09545

Also: game, chaos in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: game, chaos, chaotic attractors

# game: flocking by turning away.

<< Flocking, as paradigmatically exemplified by birds, is the coherent collective motion of active agents. As originally conceived, flocking emerges through alignment interactions between the agents. >>️

AA << report that flocking can also emerge through interactions that turn agents away from each other. >>

<< Whereas repulsion often leads to motility-induced phase separation of active particles, here it combines with turn-away torques to produce flocking. Therefore, (AA) findings bridge the classes of aligning and nonaligning active matter. (Their) results could help to reconcile the observations that cells can flock despite turning away from each other via contact inhibition of locomotion.  >>️

AA << work shows that flocking is a very robust phenomenon that arises even when the orientational interactions would seem to prevent it. >>️

️

Suchismita Das, Matteo Ciarchi, Ziqi Zhou, Jing Yan, Jie Zhang, Ricard Alert. Flocking by Turning Away. Phys. Rev. X 14, 031008. Jul 12, 2024.

https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031008

Also: Janus, in FonT 

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/search?q=janus 

Also: game, flock, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: game, flock, Janus

FonT: an approach of this type could hypothetically generate intriguing, bizarre, unexpected game scenarios in various other contexts ...

# game: apropos of Parrondo's game, how a flexible parasite can outsmart its hosts for evolutionary dominance.

<< Antagonistic coevolution between hosts and parasites substantially impacts community structure, with parasites displaying fluctuating selection or arms race dynamics during coevolution. The traditional matching alleles (MA) and gene-for-gene (GFG) models have been used to describe the dynamics and interaction of host-parasite coevolution, with these models assuming that parasites adopt a single strategy when competing with other parasites. >>

AA << present a nonlinear dynamic population model that challenges this assumption, showing how a parasite that is disadvantaged under either the MA or the GFG model can win the competition by switching between the two losing strategies based on an external environmental cue, internal processes, or stochastic decision-making. >>

<< This counterintuitive outcome is analogous to Parrondo's paradox, a game-theoretic concept that shows how alternating between two losing strategies can result in a winning outcome. >>

Tao Wen, Eugene V. Koonin, Kang Hao Cheong. How flexible parasites can outsmart their hosts for evolutionary dominance. Phys. Rev. Research 6, 023104. Apr 30, 2024.

https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.6.023104 

Also: game, Parrondo, evolution, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html 

Keywords: game, Parrondo, evolution

FonT: from my point of view, if well modulated, the two paired strategies "Stochastic Tit-For-Tat" and "Parrondo" are deadly, regardless of the aims of the objectives (cooperative purposes, parasitism, etc)

# life: call for four Parrondo's paradox peacekeeper players

<< US President Joe Biden has said world history is at "an inflection point" as he made the case for a "smart investment" of ... >> Ukraine, Israel, Taiwan.

️

Holly Honderich, Sarah Smith. Biden seeks 'vital' (..) aid for Israel and Ukraine. BBC News, Oct 20, 2023. 

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-67164900

Also: Switch to three players within the Parrondo game. FonT. Jun 11, 2022.

https://flashontrack.blogspot.com/2022/06/gst-switch-to-three-players-within.html

Also: Parrondo, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html

Also: "Parrondo"[TIAB], in https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

Also: Parrondo, in https://arxiv.org/search/?query=Parrondo&searchtype=abstract&abstracts=show&order=-announced_date_first&size=50

Keywords: life, game, Parrondo, Potus, war, nfulaw

# game: noise-induced Parrondo's paradox in discrete-time qu-walks

<< Parrondo's paradox refers to the apparently paradoxical effect whereby two or more dynamics in which a given quantity decreases are combined in such a way that the same quantity increases in the resulting dynamics. >>

AA << show that noise can induce Parrondo's paradox in one-dimensional discrete-time quantum walks with deterministic periodic as well as aperiodic sequences of two-state quantum coins where this paradox does not occur in the absence of noise. >>️

Zbigniew Walczak, Jarosław H. Bauer. Noise-induced Parrondo's paradox in discrete-time quantum walks. Phys. Rev. E 108, 044212. Oct 11, 2023.

https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.108.044212

Also: parrondo, walk, noise, in: https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html

Keywords: games, parrondo, walk, noise

# gst: transitions by coupled instabilities

AA << present an experimental study of quasiperiodic transitions between a highly ordered square-lattice pattern and a disordered, defect-riddled state, in a circular Faraday system. (They)  show that the transition is driven initially by a long-wave amplitude modulation instability, which excites the oscillatory transition phase instability, leading to the formation of dislocations in the Faraday lattice. The appearance of dislocations dampens amplitude modulations, which prevents further defects from being created and allows the system to relax back to its ordered state. The process then repeats itself in a quasiperiodic manner. >>

Valeri Frumkin, Shreyas Gokhale. Coupled instabilities drive quasiperiodic order-disorder transitions in Faraday waves. Phys. Rev. E 108, L012601. July 17, 2023. 

https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.108.L012601

Also: parrondo, tit-for-tat, game, transition, chaos, in https://www.inkgmr.net/kwrds.html

Keywords: parrondo, tit-for-tat, game,  transition, chaos